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Chemistry

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Also known as: 1-phenylpropan-2-amine, Dl-amphetamine, 300-62-9, 1-phenyl-2-aminopropane, Norephedrane, Alpha-methylphenethylamine
Molecular Formula
C9H13N
Molecular Weight
135.21  g/mol
InChI Key
KWTSXDURSIMDCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
FDA UNII
CK833KGX7E

Norephedrane
A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.
Amphetamine is a Central Nervous System Stimulant. The physiologic effect of amphetamine is by means of Central Nervous System Stimulation.
1 2D Structure

Norephedrane

2 Identification
2.1 Computed Descriptors
2.1.1 IUPAC Name
1-phenylpropan-2-amine
2.1.2 InChI
InChI=1S/C9H13N/c1-8(10)7-9-5-3-2-4-6-9/h2-6,8H,7,10H2,1H3
2.1.3 InChI Key
KWTSXDURSIMDCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
2.1.4 Canonical SMILES
CC(CC1=CC=CC=C1)N
2.2 Other Identifiers
2.2.1 UNII
CK833KGX7E
2.3 Synonyms
2.3.1 MeSH Synonyms

1. Amphetamine Sulfate

2. Amphetamine Sulfate (2:1)

3. Centramina

4. Desoxynorephedrin

5. Fenamine

6. L-amphetamine

7. Levo Amphetamine

8. Levo-amphetamine

9. Levoamphetamine

10. Phenamine

11. Phenopromin

12. Sulfate, Amphetamine

13. Thyramine

2.3.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

1. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine

2. Dl-amphetamine

3. 300-62-9

4. 1-phenyl-2-aminopropane

5. Norephedrane

6. Alpha-methylphenethylamine

7. Fenopromin

8. Phenedrine

9. Elastonon

10. Beta-aminopropylbenzene

11. 1-methyl-2-phenylethylamine

12. 1-phenyl-2-propylamine

13. Actedron

14. Allodene

15. Anorexide

16. Anorexine

17. Benzebar

18. Benzolone

19. Isoamyne

20. Mecodrin

21. Novydrine

22. Oktedrin

23. Ortedrine

24. Percomon

25. Profamina

26. Simpatina

27. Adipan

28. Isomyn

29. Finam

30. Protioamphetamine

31. Alpha-methylbenzeneethaneamine

32. 1-phenyl-2-propanamine

33. 3-phenyl-2-propylamine

34. Psychedrine

35. Amfetaminum

36. Fenylo-izopropylaminyl

37. (phenylisopropyl)amine

38. Dl-alpha-methylphenethylamine

39. 2-amino-1-phenylpropane

40. Racemic-desoxynor-ephedrine

41. Beta-phenylisopropylamin

42. Amfetamin

43. Dyanavel

44. Dl-benzedrine

45. Rac-amphetamine

46. .beta.-aminopropylbenzene

47. (+-)-alpha-methylphenylethylamine

48. 1-phenyl-2-amino-propan

49. Adzenys Er

50. Benzeneethanamine, .alpha.-methyl-

51. Amphetamine, Dl-

52. .alpha.-methylbenzeneethanamine

53. 60-15-1

54. Beta-phenylisopropylamine

55. Nsc-27159

56. (+/-)-desoxynorephedrine

57. Dl-1-phenyl-2-aminopropane

58. Ck833kgx7e

59. Dexedrine

60. Amfetamine (inn)

61. Dexacaps

62. Amfetamine [inn]

63. Phenethylamine, .alpha.-methyl-, (.+/-.)-

64. Benzeneethanamine, .alpha.-methyl-, (.+/-.)-

65. (+-)-benzedrine

66. Amfetamina [italian]

67. Anfetamina [spanish]

68. Dea No. 1100

69. Amphetamin

70. Amfetamine [inn:ban]

71. Amfetaminum [inn-latin]

72. Adderall Xr

73. Amphetamine Salts

74. Dyanavel Xr

75. Amfetamina [inn-spanish]

76. Beta-aminopropylbenzene (van)

77. D-am

78. Delcobese

79. Fenylo-izopropylaminyl [polish]

80. Benzeneethanamine, Alpha-methyl-

81. (+-)-alpha-methylphenethylamine

82. 1-phenyl-2-aminopropane (van)

83. Benzeneethanamine, Alpha-methyl-, (+-)-

84. D-1-phenyl-2-aminopropan

85. Hsdb 3287

86. Beta-phenylisopropylamin [german]

87. D-1-phenyl-2-aminopropane

88. D-2-amino-1-phenylpropane

89. (+-)-alpha-methylbenzeneethanamine

90. 1-phenyl-2-amino-propan [german]

91. Amphetamine Resin Complex

92. Beta-phenyl-isopropylamine

93. Einecs 200-458-3

94. Einecs 206-096-2

95. Unii-ck833kgx7e

96. Phenethylamine, Alpha-methyl-, (+-)-

97. (+)-.alpha.-methylphenethylamine

98. Adderal

99. Isoamycin

100. Phenethylamine, Alpha-methyl-

101. Amphetamine-

102. Ai3-02438

103. 3-amino-1-propylbenzene

104. Amfetamin (tn)

105. Dyanavel (tn)

106. Component Of Amodex

107. Phenethylamine, D-

108. S(+)-amphetamine

109. Adzenys (tn)

110. (plusmn)-amphetamine

111. Benzeneethanamine, .alpha.-methyl-, (s)-

112. Noclon (salt/mix)

113. Norephedrine, Deoxy-

114. Fenamin (salt/mix)

115. Ortenal (salt/mix)

116. Zedrine (salt/mix)

117. (+/-)-benzedrine

118. Euphodyn (salt/mix)

119. Stimulan (salt/mix)

120. Fabedrine (salt/mix)

121. Oraldrina (salt/mix)

122. Vapedrine (salt/mix)

123. Amphetamine Mixture With Dextroamphetamine

124. Sympametin (salt/mix)

125. Component Of Biphetamine

126. Phenethylamine, (+)-

127. 3-phenylpropan-2-amine

128. Amphetamine [mi]

129. (.+/-.)-benzedrine

130. Benzeneethanamine, (s)-

131. .beta.-phenylisopropylamin

132. Alpha-methyl Phenethylamine

133. Amphetamine, (d)

134. Amphetamine [hsdb]

135. Alpha-methylphenylethylamine

136. Chembl405

137. .beta.-phenylisopropylamine

138. Amphetamine [vandf]

139. Amfetamine [mart.]

140. Schembl8858

141. .alpha.-methylphenethylamine

142. Amfetamine [who-dd]

143. Oprea1_447423

144. D/l-amphetamine Hydrochloride

145. (.+/-.)-desoxynorephedrine

146. .alpha.-methylphenylethylamine

147. Divk1c_000991

148. Wln: Zy1&1r

149. (s)-.alpha.-phenylethylamine

150. D-.alpha.-methylphenethylamine

151. Chebi:2679

152. Gtpl4804

153. Wln: Zy1&1r -d

154. .alpha.-methylbenzeneethaneamine

155. Dl-.alpha.-methylphenethylamine

156. Dtxsid4022600

157. Hms503g03

158. Kbio1_000991

159. Phenethylamine, .alpha.-methyl-

160. (+/-)-beta-phenylisopropylamine

161. Amphetamine [orange Book]

162. Chebi:132233

163. Ninds_000991

164. Rac-(2r)-1-phenylpropan-2-amine

165. (+)-.alpha.-methylphenylethylamine

166. Nsc27159

167. Nsc73713

168. .alpha.-methylphenethylamine, D-form

169. Bdbm50005246

170. (s)-(+)-.beta.-phenylisopropylamine

171. Amphetamine, Its Salts, Optical Isomers, And Salts Of Its Optical Isomers

172. (.+/-.)-.beta.-phenylisopropylamine

173. Ab07478

174. Db00182

175. Nt-0201

176. (.+/-.)-.alpha.-methylphenethylamine

177. Idi1_000991

178. Rac-amphetamine 1.0 Mg/ml In Methanol

179. (.+/-.)-.alpha.-methylphenylethylamine

180. Db-047697

181. (+/-)-.alpha.-methylphenethylamine

182. C07514

183. D03740

184. D07445

185. Mydayis (mixed Salts Of A Single Entity)

186. L000864

187. Q179452

188. Benzeneethanamine, .alpha.-methyl-, (+/-)-

189. Selegiline Hydrochloride Impurity B [ep Impurity]

190. Dl-amphetamine Solution, 1 Mg/ml In Methanol, Drug Standard

191. (+/-)-amphetamine Solution, 1.0 Mg/ml In Methanol, Ampule Of 1 Ml, Certified Reference Material

192. (+/-)-amphetamine Solution, 100 Mug/ml In Methanol, Ampule Of 1 Ml, Certified Reference Material

2.4 Create Date
2005-03-25
3 Chemical and Physical Properties
Molecular Weight 135.21 g/mol
Molecular Formula C9H13N
XLogP31.8
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count1
Rotatable Bond Count2
Exact Mass135.104799419 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass135.104799419 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area26 Ų
Heavy Atom Count10
Formal Charge0
Complexity84.7
Isotope Atom Count0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count1
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count0
Covalently Bonded Unit Count1
4 Drug and Medication Information
4.1 Therapeutic Uses

Adrenergic Agents; Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Dopamine Agents; Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; Sympathomimetics

National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings. Amphetamine. Online file (MeSH, 2015). Available from, as of November 23, 2015: https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/2015/mesh_browser/MBrowser.html


/CLINICAL TRIALS/ ClinicalTrials.gov is a registry and results database of publicly and privately supported clinical studies of human participants conducted around the world. The Web site is maintained by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Each ClinicalTrials.gov record presents summary information about a study protocol and includes the following: Disease or condition; Intervention (for example, the medical product, behavior, or procedure being studied); Title, description, and design of the study; Requirements for participation (eligibility criteria); Locations where the study is being conducted; Contact information for the study locations; and Links to relevant information on other health Web sites, such as NLM's MedlinePlus for patient health information and PubMed for citations and abstracts for scholarly articles in the field of medicine. Amphetamine is included in the database.

NIH/NLM; ClinicalTrials.Gov. Available from, as of September 30, 2015: https://clinicaltrials.gov/search/intervention=Amphetamine


Evekeo (amphetamine sulfate tablets, USP) is indicated for: 1. Narcolepsy 2. Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity as an integral part of a total treatment program which typically includes other remedial measures (psychological, educational, social) for a stabilizing effect in children with behavioral syndrome characterized by the following group of developmentally inappropriate symptoms: moderate to severe distractibility, short attention span, hyperactivity, emotional lability , and impulsivity. The diagnosis of the syndrome should not be made with finality when these symptoms are only of comparatively recent origin. Nonlocalizing (soft) neurological signs, learning disability, and abnormal EEG may or may not be present, and a diagnosis of central nervous system dysfunction may or not be warranted. 3. Exogenous Obesity as a short term (a few weeks) adjunct in a regimen of weight reduction based on caloric restriction for patients refractory to alternative therapy, e.g., repeated diets, group programs, and other drugs. /Included in US product label/

NIH; DailyMed. Current Medication Information for EVEKEO- amphetamine sulfate tablet (Revised: November 2015). Available from, as of November 23, 2015: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=bb12811f-4cce-4010-aa48-d17c46ca1d3a


Vet: to alleviate anesthetic overdosage, particularly with barbiturates. To incr ... response to external stimuli such as depressive states & milk fever in cows. May have value in selected cases of encephalomyelitis (horses) & epileptic (cattle) or hyperkinetic syndromes.

Rossoff, I.S. Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1974., p. 17


4.2 Drug Warning

/BOXED WARNING/ Amphetamines have a high potential for abuse. Administration of amphetamines for prolonged periods of time may lead to drug dependence and must be avoided. Particular attention should be paid to the possibility of subjects obtaining amphetamines for non-theraputic use or distribution to others, and the drugs should be prescribed or dispensed sparingly. Misuse of amphetamine may cause sudden death and serious cardiovascular adverse events.

NIH; DailyMed. Current Medication Information for EVEKEO- amphetamine sulfate tablet (Revised: November 2015). Available from, as of November 23, 2015: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=bb12811f-4cce-4010-aa48-d17c46ca1d3a


Amphetamines are distributed into milk in concentrations 3-7 times maternal blood concentrations. A decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or the drug.

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2015; Drug Information 2015. Bethesda, MD. 2015, p. 2530


Amphetamines should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefits justify the possible risks to the fetus. During pregnancy it is questionable whether potential benefits from amphetamines outweigh potential risks. Infants born to women dependent on amphetamines have an increased risk of prematurity, low birthweight, and withdrawal symptoms (e.g., dysphoria, lassitude, agitation).

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2015; Drug Information 2015. Bethesda, MD. 2015, p. 2529


Adverse effects of amphetamines may include nervousness, insomnia, irritability, talkativeness, changes in libido, dizziness, headaches, increased motor activity, chilliness, pallor or flushing, blurred vision, mydriasis, and hyperexcitability. Exacerbation of motor or phonic tics, Tourette's syndrome, dyskinesia, seizures, euphoria, dysphoria, emotional lability, and impotence have been reported in patients receiving amphetamines. Psychotic episodes have occurred rarely in patients receiving amphetamines at recommended dosages.

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2015; Drug Information 2015. Bethesda, MD. 2015, p. 2528


For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for AMPHETAMINE (21 total), please visit the HSDB record page.


4.3 Minimum/Potential Fatal Human Dose

In adults, 120 mg of amphetamine has caused death, but in one patient 200 mg produced only mild signs of peripheral sympathomimetic activity. Death usually is preceded by seizures and coma and usually results from cardiovascular collapse or from seizures.

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2015; Drug Information 2015. Bethesda, MD. 2015, p. 2530


The acute lethal dose in adults has been reported at 20-25 mg/kg, and in children, 5 mg/kg. Death from as little as 1.5 mg/kg in an adult has also been noted.

Gossel, T.A., J.D. Bricker. Principles of Clinical Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Raven Press, Ltd., 1994., p. 348


Toxic amphetamine blood concentration: 50 ug/dL; Lethal amphetamine blood concentration: 200 ug/dL /From table/

Gossel, T.A., J.D. Bricker. Principles of Clinical Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Raven Press, Ltd., 1994., p. 420


4.4 Drug Indication

Amphetamine is indicated for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) as well as for the treatment of central nervous system disorders such as narcolepsy. ADHD is a complex disorder associated with the substantial heterogeneity in etiology, clinical presentation, and treatment outcome. ADHD comes from a complex interplay between interdependent genetic and non-genetic factors which cause complex mental disorders in children and teenagers. On the other hand, narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder typically resenting during adolescence and characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness. Amphetamine is also being used nowadays off-label for the treatment of obesity, depression and chronic pain.


FDA Label


5 Pharmacology and Biochemistry
5.1 Pharmacology

From its mechanism of action, it has been demonstrated that amphetamine augments the concentration of noradrenaline in the prefrontal cortex and dopamine in the striatum on a dose and time-dependent manner. The indistinct release of neurotransmitters which include adrenaline is known to produce cardiovascular side effects. There are old reports of a cognitive enhancement related to the administration of amphetamine in which improvements in intelligence test scores were reported. In ADHD, amphetamine has been largely showed to produce remarkable improvements in school performance, behavior, and demeanor. The effect was shown to be produced through both racemic forms and to this date, the use of racemic forms 3:1 (D:L) is very common. The therapeutic effect of amphetamine on serotonin does not seem to have a significant clinical effect on ADHD as observed on comparative studies with amphetamine and fenfluramine, a powerful serotonin releasing factor. However, the indirect effect on serotonin might have an effect on the depression and anxiety profile of ADHD. Studies regarding the illicit use of amphetamine in which heavy consumers were studied proved the generation of a paranoid state which flagged this drug as a psychiatric danger compound. This observation was supported by the continuous reports of misuse in patients under depression.


5.2 MeSH Pharmacological Classification

Central Nervous System Stimulants

A loosely defined group of drugs that tend to increase behavioral alertness, agitation, or excitation. They work by a variety of mechanisms, but usually not by direct excitation of neurons. The many drugs that have such actions as side effects to their main therapeutic use are not included here. (See all compounds classified as Central Nervous System Stimulants.)


Dopamine Agents

Any drugs that are used for their effects on dopamine receptors, on the life cycle of dopamine, or on the survival of dopaminergic neurons. (See all compounds classified as Dopamine Agents.)


Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors

Drugs that block the transport of DOPAMINE into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. Most of the ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITORS also inhibit dopamine uptake. (See all compounds classified as Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors.)


Adrenergic Agents

Drugs that act on adrenergic receptors or affect the life cycle of adrenergic transmitters. Included here are adrenergic agonists and antagonists and agents that affect the synthesis, storage, uptake, metabolism, or release of adrenergic transmitters. (See all compounds classified as Adrenergic Agents.)


Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors

Drugs that block the transport of adrenergic transmitters into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. The tricyclic antidepressants (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, TRICYCLIC) and amphetamines are among the therapeutically important drugs that may act via inhibition of adrenergic transport. Many of these drugs also block transport of serotonin. (See all compounds classified as Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors.)


Sympathomimetics

Drugs that mimic the effects of stimulating postganglionic adrenergic sympathetic nerves. Included here are drugs that directly stimulate adrenergic receptors and drugs that act indirectly by provoking the release of adrenergic transmitters. (See all compounds classified as Sympathomimetics.)


5.3 FDA Pharmacological Classification
5.3.1 Active Moiety
AMPHETAMINE
5.3.2 FDA UNII
CK833KGX7E
5.3.3 Pharmacological Classes
Central Nervous System Stimulation [PE]; Central Nervous System Stimulant [EPC]
5.4 ATC Code

N - Nervous system

N06 - Psychoanaleptics

N06B - Psychostimulants, agents used for adhd and nootropics

N06BA - Centrally acting sympathomimetics

N06BA01 - Amfetamine


5.5 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

Absorption

Amphetamine is well absorbed in the gut and as it is a weak base hence the more basic the environment the more of the drug is found in a lipid-soluble form and the absorption through lipid-rich cell membranes is highly favored. The peak response of amphetamine occurs 1-3 hours after oral administration and approximately 15 minutes after injection and it presents a bioavailability of over 75%. Complete amphetamine absorption is usually done after 4-6 hours.


Route of Elimination

The elimination of amphetamine is mainly via the urine from which about 40% of the excreted dose is found as unchanged amphetamine. About 90% of the administered amphetamine is eliminated 3 days after oral administration. The rate of elimination of amphetamine highly depends on the urine pH in which acidic pH will produce a higher excretion of amphetamine and basic pH produces a lower excretion.


Volume of Distribution

Amphetamine is reported to have a high volume of distribution of 4 L/kg.


Clearance

The reported normal clearance rate is of 0.7 L.h/kg. This clearance has been shown to get significantly reduced in patients with renal impairment reaching a value of 0.4 L.h/kg.


Children: Children eliminated amphetamine faster than adults.

Drug Facts and Comparisons 2015. Clinical Drug Information, LLC St. Louis, MO 2015, p. 1302


/MILK/ Amphetamines are excreted in human milk.

NIH; DailyMed. Current Medication Information for EVEKEO- amphetamine sulfate tablet (Revised: November 2015). Available from, as of November 23, 2015: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=bb12811f-4cce-4010-aa48-d17c46ca1d3a


Amphetamines are readily absorbed from the GI tract and effects persist for 4-24 hours. Amphetamines are distributed into most body tissues with high concentrations occurring in the brain and CSF. Amphetamine appears in the urine within about 3 hours following oral administration. Urinary excretion of the amphetamines is pH-dependent and excretion is enhanced in acidic urine. Following oral administration of racemic amphetamine to humans, approximately equal amounts of both isomers were excreted during the first 12 hours; after the first 12 hours, a continually decreasing proportion of the d-isomer was excreted.

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2015; Drug Information 2015. Bethesda, MD. 2015, p. 2531


Amphetamine has been measured in human sweat at a median range of 15.5 (low dose 6.5-40.5) and 53.8 (high dose 34.0-83.4) ng per patch(1).

(1) Daughton CG, Ruhoy IS; Environ Toxicol Chem 28(12): 2495-521 (2009)


For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for AMPHETAMINE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.


5.6 Metabolism/Metabolites

Amphetamine is known to be metabolized by the liver under the action of the CYP2D6. The metabolic pathway of amphetamine is mainly defined by aromatic hydroxylation, aliphatic hydroxylation, and n-dealkylation. The formed metabolites in this pathway are 4-hydroxyamphetamine, 4-hydroxynorephedrine, hippuric acid, benzoic acid, benzyl methyl ketone, and p-hydroxyamphetamine which is known to be a potent hallucinogen. However, a significant part of the original compound remains unchanged.


Amphetamine is metabolized in the liver by aromatic hyroxylation, N-dealkylation, and deamination. Although the enzymes involved in amphetamine metabolism have not been clearly defined, cytochrome P450 (CYP-450) 2D6 is known to be involved with formation of 4-hydroxy-amphetamine. Because CYP2D6 is genetically polymorphic, population variations in amphetamine metabolism are a posibility.

Drug Facts and Comparisons 2015. Clinical Drug Information, LLC St. Louis, MO 2015, p. 1302


Metabolism that results in aromatic hydroxylation, aliphatic hydroxylation, and n-dealkylation of amphetamines can give rise to active metabolites such as the potent hallucinogen p-hydroxyamphetamine. Other metabolic pathways, including deamination and subsequent side chain oxidation, produce inactive amphetamine derivatives.

Haddad, L.M. (Ed). Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose 3rd Edition. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. 1998., p. 563


Amphetamine is a known human metabolite of Fenproporex.

S73 | METXBIODB | Metabolite Reaction Database from BioTransformer | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.4056560


5.7 Biological Half-Life

The half-life of amphetamine highly depends on the isomer. For d-amphetamine, the reported half-life is of approximately 9-11 hours while for l-amphetamine the half-life is reported to be of 11-14 hours. The urine pH can modify this pharmacokinetic parameter which can vary from 7 hours in acid urine to 34 hours for alkaline urine.


Biological half-life is between 10-13 hr in adults and 9-11 hr in children.

Drug Facts and Comparisons 2015. Clinical Drug Information, LLC St. Louis, MO 2015, p. 1302


5.8 Mechanism of Action

It is important to consider that amphetamine has a very similar structure to the catecholamine neurotransmitters mainly on the presence of a long planar conformation, the presence of an aromatic ring and nitrogen in the aryl side chain. Amphetamine, as well as other catecholamines, is taken into presynaptic nerve terminals by the association with two sodium ions and one chloride ion. The complex of the amphetamine with the ions is actively transported by monoamine reuptake transporters. As amphetamine acts competitively with the endogenous monoamines, the greater the number of amphetamines the more internalized amphetamine will be found. Once inside the presynaptic terminal, amphetamine displaces other monoamines to be stored by VMAT2 which produces the pumping of the neurotransmitters into the synapse by a process called retro-transport. This process of release of neurotransmitters is approximately fourfold more potent in the d-isomer for the release of dopamine. The mechanism of action of amphetamine is complemented by the inhibition of the reuptake and of monoamine oxidase which acts synergistically to produce a significant increase the monoamine concentration. This activity is not done as an inhibitor per se but more as a competitive substrate and thus, amphetamine is known to be a weak dopamine reuptake inhibitor, moderate noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor and very weak serotonin reuptake inhibitor. From this specific action, the l-isomer is known to be significantly less potent. Lastly, amphetamine is known to be an inhibitor of the mitochondrial-bound enzyme MAO which is the catalytic enzyme in charge of degrading all the excess of neurotransmitters. This mechanism of action is often overpassed as amphetamine is a weak MAO inhibitor but this mechanism cannot be dismissed.


Inactivation of sympathomimetic noncatecholamines largely depends on breakdown by monoamine oxidase and since substitution of an alkyl group for hydrogen on the a-carbon atom blocks enzymatic inactivation of the amino group, the duration of action of noncatecholamines (but not of catecholamines, which are inactivated largely by a different mechanism) is prolonged by a-substitution. The absence of a hydroxyl group on the aromatic ring of amphetamine reduces inactivation of the drug in the GI tract and the amphetamines are active following oral administration.

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2015; Drug Information 2015. Bethesda, MD. 2015, p. 2531


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