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Chemistry

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Also known as: Melanotan, Scenesse (tn), Alpha-ndp-msh, [nle4,dphe7]alpha-msh, Melanotan 1, Afamelanotide (usan/inn)
Molecular Formula
C78H111N21O19
Molecular Weight
1646.8  g/mol
InChI Key
UAHFGYDRQSXQEB-LEBBXHLNSA-N

Afamelanotide
Afamelanotide is a synthetic peptide analogue of the naturally occurring alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (a-MSH) with potential photoprotective activity. Mimicking the action of a-MSH, afamelanotide stimulates melanocytes to increase the production and release of melanin. Increased melanocyte melanin may protect against ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-initiated cellular DNA damage, oxidation of membrane proteins, and alterations in intracellular signaling processes in epidermal cells. Endogenously, a-MSH is released by skin cells in response to UVR exposure, stimulating melanocytes to produce and release melanin.
1 2D Structure

Afamelanotide

2 Identification
2.1 Computed Descriptors
2.1.1 IUPAC Name
(4S)-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-acetamido-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-5-[[(2S)-1-[[(2R)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[2-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]carbamoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid
2.1.2 InChI
InChI=1S/C78H111N21O19/c1-5-6-19-52(91-75(116)61(41-101)97-72(113)57(34-46-24-26-49(103)27-25-46)94-74(115)60(40-100)88-44(4)102)68(109)92-54(28-29-64(105)106)70(111)96-59(36-48-38-83-42-87-48)73(114)93-56(33-45-16-8-7-9-17-45)71(112)90-53(22-14-31-84-78(81)82)69(110)95-58(35-47-37-85-51-20-11-10-18-50(47)51)67(108)86-39-63(104)89-55(21-12-13-30-79)77(118)99-32-15-23-62(99)76(117)98-65(43(2)3)66(80)107/h7-11,16-18,20,24-27,37-38,42-43,52-62,65,85,100-101,103H,5-6,12-15,19,21-23,28-36,39-41,79H2,1-4H3,(H2,80,107)(H,83,87)(H,86,108)(H,88,102)(H,89,104)(H,90,112)(H,91,116)(H,92,109)(H,93,114)(H,94,115)(H,95,110)(H,96,111)(H,97,113)(H,98,117)(H,105,106)(H4,81,82,84)/t52-,53-,54-,55-,56+,57-,58-,59-,60-,61-,62-,65-/m0/s1
2.1.3 InChI Key
UAHFGYDRQSXQEB-LEBBXHLNSA-N
2.1.4 Canonical SMILES
CCCCC(C(=O)NC(CCC(=O)O)C(=O)NC(CC1=CN=CN1)C(=O)NC(CC2=CC=CC=C2)C(=O)NC(CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)NC(CC3=CNC4=CC=CC=C43)C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(CCCCN)C(=O)N5CCCC5C(=O)NC(C(C)C)C(=O)N)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C(CC6=CC=C(C=C6)O)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C
2.1.5 Isomeric SMILES
CCCC[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1)C(=O)N[C@H](CC2=CC=CC=C2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC3=CNC4=CC=CC=C43)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N5CCC[C@H]5C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC6=CC=C(C=C6)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)C
2.2 Synonyms
2.2.1 MeSH Synonyms

1. Afamelanotide Acetate

2. Cuv-1647

3. Cuv1647

4. Scenesse

2.2.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

1. Melanotan

2. Scenesse (tn)

3. Alpha-ndp-msh

4. [nle4,dphe7]alpha-msh

5. Melanotan 1

6. Afamelanotide (usan/inn)

7. Gtpl1324

8. Dtxsid40226843

9. Bdbm50017181

10. Db04931

11. Ncgc00167334-01

12. D10511

13. Q410794

2.3 Create Date
2007-07-06
3 Chemical and Physical Properties
Molecular Weight 1646.8 g/mol
Molecular Formula C78H111N21O19
XLogP3-3.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count23
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count22
Rotatable Bond Count51
Exact Mass1645.83651040 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass1645.83651040 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area643 Ų
Heavy Atom Count118
Formal Charge0
Complexity3360
Isotope Atom Count0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count12
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count0
Covalently Bonded Unit Count1
4 Drug and Medication Information
4.1 Drug Indication

Afamelanotide is indicated for the prevention of phototoxicity in adult patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP).


Treatment of erythropoietic protoporphyria


Prevention of actinic keratosis, Prevention of drug phototoxic response, Treatment of congenital erythropoietic porphyria, Treatment of polymorphic light eruption, Treatment of solar urticaria


5 Pharmacology and Biochemistry
5.1 Pharmacology

Afamelanotide increases the production of eumelanin, an endogenous photoprotective agent, to attenuate UV-induced skin damage in patients with a condition that predisposes them to phototoxicity. It has a relatively long duration of therapeutic effect despite its short half-life due to its ability to increase melanosome density and therefore skin pigmentation. As afamelanotide may darken pre-existing skin pigmentary lesions, patients receiving afamelanotide should undergo a full body skin examination every 6 months to monitor for progression or worsening of any skin abnormalities. Standard sun safety measures should continue to be employed during afamelanotide therapy.


5.2 MeSH Pharmacological Classification

Dermatologic Agents

Drugs used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin. (See all compounds classified as Dermatologic Agents.)


5.3 ATC Code

D - Dermatologicals

D02 - Emollients and protectives

D02B - Protectives against uv-radiation

D02BB - Protectives against uv-radiation for systemic use

D02BB02 - Afamelanotide


5.4 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

Absorption

Afamelanotide is administered as a subcutaneous implant that slowly elutes active drug. Most of the dose is released within the first 48 hours, with >90% released by day 5. Plasma levels of afamelanotide decrease slowly over the course of several days following administration - by day 10, plasma levels were undetectable in most clinical trial subjects. Following administration of a single subcutaneous implant, the median Tmax was 36 hours, the mean Cmax was 3.7 1.3 ng/mL, and the mean AUC0- was 138.9 42.6 hr.ng/mL.


Route of Elimination

Minimal amounts of unchanged afamelanotide are recovered in the urine following administration, suggesting the drug is extensively metabolized and most likely eliminated primarily via fecal or biliary route.


Volume of Distribution

The apparent volume of distribution of afamelanotide following intravenous administration is approximately 0.54 L/kg.


Clearance

Data regarding plasma clearance of afamelanotide are limited. Plasma drug levels are typically undetectable at day 10 following subcutaneous administration of the afamelanotide implant.


5.5 Metabolism/Metabolites

Details regarding the metabolism and metabolites of afamelanotide are sparse. The drug is more resistant to degradation by serum and proteolytic enzymes than its endogenous counterpart, -MSH, but presumably undergoes a relatively rapid hydrolysis given its short half-life. It has been suggested that afamelanotide may be degraded in the same manner as -MSH but at a much slower rate, or may instead be degraded intracellularly via endocytosis or non-specific proteases.


5.6 Biological Half-Life

The half-life of afamelanotide is approximately 30 minutes. The apparent half-life following administration of a slow-release subcutaneous implant is 15 hours.


5.7 Mechanism of Action

Patients with erythropoietic porphyria (EPP) have a deficiency of ferrochelatase (FECH), an enzyme involved in the final step of heme biosynthesis. FECH is required to insert iron into protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) to generate heme, and a deficiency in FECH results in accumulation of PPIX (particularly in the liver and superficial skin vasculature). PPIX molecules are photodynamic - exposure to UV radiation causes these molecules to form reactive oxygen species that lead to subsequent tissue damage. Afamelanotide mimics endogenous alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone (-MSH), a hormone typically released in response to UV-induced skin damage. Both afamelanotide and -MSH bind to the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) on melanocytes which stimulates the synthesis of eumelanin, a photoprotective compound. Eumelanin is incorporated into small vesicles called melanosomes which are then distributed to surrounding keratinocytes. Melanosomes are concentrated above the nucleus of these keratinocytes, thus protecting them from UV-induced damage. While endogenous -MSH requires UV-induced skin damage in order to be produced, afamelanotide increases eumelanin biosynthesis independent of UV exposure. Activation of MC1R signalling by afamelanotide also instigates other protective processes, including an increase in antioxidant activity, DNA repair, and secretion of immunomodulatory proteins such as interleukin-10.


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ABOUT THIS PAGE

Afamelanotide Manufacturers

A Afamelanotide manufacturer is defined as any person or entity involved in the manufacture, preparation, processing, compounding or propagation of Afamelanotide, including repackagers and relabelers. The FDA regulates Afamelanotide manufacturers to ensure that their products comply with relevant laws and regulations and are safe and effective to use. Afamelanotide API Manufacturers are required to adhere to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) to ensure that their products are consistently manufactured to meet established quality criteria.

click here to find a list of Afamelanotide manufacturers with USDMF, JDMF, KDMF, CEP, GMP, COA and API Price related information on PhamaCompass.

Afamelanotide Suppliers

A Afamelanotide supplier is an individual or a company that provides Afamelanotide active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) or Afamelanotide finished formulations upon request. The Afamelanotide suppliers may include Afamelanotide API manufacturers, exporters, distributors and traders.

click here to find a list of Afamelanotide suppliers with USDMF, JDMF, KDMF, CEP, GMP, COA and API Price related information on PharmaCompass.

Afamelanotide USDMF

A Afamelanotide DMF (Drug Master File) is a document detailing the whole manufacturing process of Afamelanotide active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in detail. Different forms of Afamelanotide DMFs exist exist since differing nations have different regulations, such as Afamelanotide USDMF, ASMF (EDMF), JDMF, CDMF, etc.

A Afamelanotide DMF submitted to regulatory agencies in the US is known as a USDMF. Afamelanotide USDMF includes data on Afamelanotide's chemical properties, information on the facilities and procedures used, and details about packaging and storage. The Afamelanotide USDMF is kept confidential to protect the manufacturer’s intellectual property.

click here to find a list of Afamelanotide suppliers with USDMF on PharmaCompass.

Afamelanotide NDC

National Drug Code is a comprehensive database maintained by the FDA that contains information on all drugs marketed in the US. This directory includes information about finished drug products, unfinished drug products, and compounded drug products, including those containing Afamelanotide as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API).

Finished drug products

The FDA updates the NDC directory daily. The NDC numbers for Afamelanotide API and other APIs are published in this directory by the FDA.

Unfinished drugs

The NDC unfinished drugs database includes product listing information submitted for all unfinished drugs, such as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), drugs intended for further processing and bulk drug substances for compounding.

Pharmaceutical companies that manufacture Afamelanotide as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) must furnish the FDA with an updated record of all drugs that they produce, prepare, propagate, compound, or process for commercial distribution in the US at their facilities.

Compounded drug products

The NDC directory also contains data on finished compounded human drug products that contain Afamelanotide and are produced by outsourcing facilities. While these outsourcing facilities are not mandated to assign a Afamelanotide NDC to their finished compounded human drug products, they may choose to do so.

click here to find a list of Afamelanotide suppliers with NDC on PharmaCompass.

Afamelanotide GMP

Afamelanotide Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is produced in GMP-certified manufacturing facility.

GMP stands for Good Manufacturing Practices, which is a system used in the pharmaceutical industry to make sure that goods are regularly produced and monitored in accordance with quality standards. The FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practices requirements are referred to as cGMP or current GMP which indicates that the company follows the most recent GMP specifications. The World Health Organization (WHO) has its own set of GMP guidelines, called the WHO GMP. Different countries can also set their own guidelines for GMP like China (Chinese GMP) or the EU (EU GMP).

PharmaCompass offers a list of Afamelanotide GMP manufacturers, exporters & distributors, which can be sorted by USDMF, JDMF, KDMF, CEP (COS), WC, API price, and more, enabling you to easily find the right Afamelanotide GMP manufacturer or Afamelanotide GMP API supplier for your needs.

Afamelanotide CoA

A Afamelanotide CoA (Certificate of Analysis) is a formal document that attests to Afamelanotide's compliance with Afamelanotide specifications and serves as a tool for batch-level quality control.

Afamelanotide CoA mostly includes findings from lab analyses of a specific batch. For each Afamelanotide CoA document that a company creates, the USFDA specifies specific requirements, such as supplier information, material identification, transportation data, evidence of conformity and signature data.

Afamelanotide may be tested according to a variety of international standards, such as European Pharmacopoeia (Afamelanotide EP), Afamelanotide JP (Japanese Pharmacopeia) and the US Pharmacopoeia (Afamelanotide USP).

Inform the supplier about your product requirements, specifying if you need a product with particular monograph like EP (Ph. Eur.), USP, JP, BP, or any other quality. In addition, clarify whether you need hydrochloride (HCl), anhydricum, base, micronisatum or a specific level of purity. To find reputable suppliers, utilize the filters and select those certified by GMP, FDA, or any other certification as per your requirement.
For your convenience, we have listed synonyms and CAS numbers to help you find the best supplier. The use of synonyms and CAS numbers can be helpful in identifying potential suppliers, but it is crucial to note that they might not always indicate the exact same product. It is important to confirm the product details with the supplier before making a purchase to ensure that it meets your requirements.
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