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1. 4-oxopentanoic Acid, 4-ketovaleric Acid
2. Calcium Levulate
3. Diasporal
4. Gamma-ketovaleric Acid
5. Levulinic Acid
6. Levulinic Acid, Ammonium Salt
7. Levulinic Acid, Calcium Salt
8. Levulinic Acid, Sodium Salt
9. Magnesium Diasporal
10. Magnesium Laevulinate
11. Magnesium Levulinate
1. 591-64-0
2. Calcium 4-oxopentanoate
3. Calcium Levulinate Anhydrous
4. Calcium Bis(4-oxovalerate)
5. Pentanoic Acid, 4-oxo-, Calcium Salt
6. Levulinic Acid Calcium Salt
7. Calcium;4-oxopentanoate
8. Calcium Laevulate
9. Calcium Levulinate Dihydrate
10. Llq966usil
11. Laevucalcin
12. Pentanoic Acid, 4-oxo-, Calcium Salt (2:1)
13. Flanthin
14. Levucal
15. Calcium Laevulinate
16. Levulin Calcid
17. Calcium Pharmacon
18. Calcium-diasporal
19. Mil-u-cal
20. Levulinic Acid, Calcium Salt
21. Einecs 209-725-9
22. Unii-llq966usil
23. Ai3-04042
24. Schembl116039
25. 4-oxovaleric Acid Calcium Salt
26. Calcium Levulinate [mi]
27. Calcium 4-oxidanylidenepentanoate
28. Dtxsid8060454
29. Calcium Levulinate (1:2)
30. 3-acetylpropionic Acid Calcium Salt
31. Calcium Laevulinate [who-dd]
32. Mfcd00045959
33. Akos015915020
34. Db13800
35. Db-053333
36. Cs-0187336
37. Ft-0632457
38. L0043
39. H10799
40. (2-ethyl-1h-benzimidazol-1-yl)aceticacid
41. A832191
42. Q27155578
| Molecular Weight | 270.29 g/mol |
|---|---|
| Molecular Formula | C10H14CaO6 |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 0 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 6 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 4 |
| Exact Mass | 270.0416290 g/mol |
| Monoisotopic Mass | 270.0416290 g/mol |
| Topological Polar Surface Area | 114 Ų |
| Heavy Atom Count | 17 |
| Formal Charge | 0 |
| Complexity | 101 |
| Isotope Atom Count | 0 |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Defined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Covalently Bonded Unit Count | 3 |
This new application of calcium is intended for use as a food fortifier, to fortify foods like sauces, condiments, beer, beverages, soft drinks, milk and milk products, soy milk and soy products with calcium nutrition. Calcium levulinate can be used alone, or with calcium lactate, calcium chloride, and other compounds, either for pharmaceutical tablets, capsules, or injections preparation. In essence, calcium levulinate is ultimately a relatively new calcium supplementation option.
The relatively new calcium levulinate is produced from a direct reaction between L- or levulinic acid levulose and calcium hydroxide. The resultant calcium levulinate formulation, when used as a calcium supplement, possesses a high calcium content that is observed to be 14.8% higher than the content typically found in calcium lactate. Moreover, this formulation also demonstrates a high solubility of more than 30% at 25. Furthermore, the calcium levulinate is believed to be non-toxic and non-allergic, making it especially suitable for injection or infusion administrations. Additionally, this levulinate formulation is reported as having a good taste, little irritation with a pH value of 7, and good stability such that no precipitation or deterioration occurs during use. Finally, this calcium levulinate formulation is also believed to have good compatibility with calcium lactate, calcium chloride, and other material complexes which allows the formulation to also complex effectively with a diverse variety of foodstuffs and pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Enzyme Inhibitors
Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. (See all compounds classified as Enzyme Inhibitors.)
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism
A12 - Mineral supplements
A12A - Calcium
A12AA - Calcium
A12AA30 - Calcium laevulate
Absorption
General calcium absorption occurs primarily in the duodenum by an active transcellular and saturable system, which is stimulated and regulated by 1,25(OH)2D,25 and through a passive and vitamin D-independent paracellular transport in the jejunum and ileum, and even in the colon - where absorption is only about 4% even when the intake is high. Ultimately, calcium absorption depends mainly on the amount of intake - in general, absorption increases at lower intakes and decreases at high intakes. Readily accessible data regarding the specific absorption of calcium levulinate is not available although the formulation is considered a low molecular weight organic calcium ion type that is easily absorbed through the intestinal wall.
Route of Elimination
Calcium leaves the body mainly in urine and feces, but also in other body tissues and fluids, like sweat. Overall, a typical daily calcium loss for a healthy adult man or woman via renal excretion is approximately 5 mmol/day while endogenous fecal calcium losses are about 2.1 mg/kg per day in adults and about 1.4 mg/kg per day in children.
Volume of Distribution
99% of the body's calcium supply is stored in the bones and teeth where it supports their structure and function. Elsewhere, 1% or less of this calcium supply is used for essential metabolic functions like vascular contraction and vasodilation, muscle function, nerve transmission, intracellular signaling, and hormonal secretion, among other activities.
Clearance
Despite inter-individual differences, general clinical lab tests list some reference calcium clearance values as being considered a 'normal range', like urine calcium as approximately < 250 mg/24 h.
Although calcium levulinate dissociates into absorbable calcium ion once it is administered into the body, there have been studies to suggest that the levulinate component is metabolized to 4-hydroxypentanoate - a compound that has similar pharmacologic effects as but at a lower level of potency than the 'date rape' drug gamma-hydroxybutyrate.
Readily accessible data regarding the half-life of calcium levulinate is not available.
Much like most calcium supplements, once calcium levulinate dissociates in the body after administration, absorption of the supplemental calcium ions across the intestinal wall serves to enhance calcium stores in the body. Regardless, levulinic acid (LA) is a commonly used chemical with one carbonyl group, one carboxyl group, and alpha-H comprised in its inner structure, which belongs to short-chain and non-volatile fatty acids. Moreover, the carbon-oxygen double bond from LA's carbonyl group possesses a strong polarity, where the oxygen atom has a stronger electron attracting ability compared to the carbon atom, such that the pi electron will ultimately transfer into the greater electronegative oxygen, therefore resulting in the formation of a positive charge center in the carbon atom. The electrophilic center of the carbon atom subsequently plays a critical role when the carbonyl group performs chemical reactions. Owing to the relatively strong electron receptor effect of the oxygen atom of the carbonyl group, LA has higher dissociation constants than a common saturated acid, which allows it to possess a stronger corresponding acidity. Furthermore, LA can be isomerized into the enol-isomer, owing to the presence of the carbonyl group. The chemical structure of LA consequently has several highly active sites, which facilitates it being used as a chemical platform for preparing many other chemical products. For example, the special structure of LA allows various kinds of products to be generated by way of esterification, halogenation, hydrogenation, oxy-dehydrogenation, and/or condensation, among many other methods.
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