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1. 2-hydroxy-n,n,n-trimethylethanaminium
2. Bitartrate, Choline
3. Bursine
4. Chloride, Choline
5. Choline
6. Choline Bitartrate
7. Choline Citrate
8. Choline Hydroxide
9. Choline O Sulfate
10. Choline O-sulfate
11. Citrate, Choline
12. Fagine
13. Hydroxide, Choline
14. O-sulfate, Choline
15. Vidine
1. 67-48-1
2. Hepacholine
3. Lipotril
4. Paresan
5. 2-hydroxy-n,n,n-trimethylethanaminium Chloride
6. Biocolina
7. Biocoline
8. Hormocline
9. (2-hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium Chloride
10. Luridin Chloride
11. Choline Hydrochloride
12. Bilineurin Chloride
13. Neocolina
14. Choline, Chloride
15. Cholinium Chloride
16. Chloride De Choline
17. Choline Chlorhydrate
18. Cholinechloride
19. Cholini Chloridum
20. Choline Chloride [inn]
21. Cloruro De Colina
22. Choline (cl)
23. Chlorure De Choline
24. Choline (chloride)
25. 2-hydroxyethyl(trimethyl)azanium;chloride
26. Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-n,n,n-trimethyl-, Chloride
27. Trimethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium Chloride
28. (beta-hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium Chloride
29. 2-hydroxy-n,n,n,-trimethylethanaminium Chloride
30. Nsc-402838
31. (2-hydroxyethyl)trimethylazanium Chloride
32. 2-hydroxyethyl(trimethyl)azanium Chloride
33. Chembl282468
34. Fema No. 4500
35. Chebi:133341
36. 45i14d8o27
37. Colina Cloruro
38. Colina Cloruro [dcit]
39. Chloride De Choline [french]
40. Ccris 3716
41. Cholini Chloridum [inn-latin]
42. Hsdb 984
43. Nsc402838
44. Cloruro De Colina [inn-spanish]
45. Chlorure De Choline [inn-french]
46. Sr-01000075745
47. Choline Chloride Solutions
48. Einecs 200-655-4
49. Mfcd00011721
50. Nsc 402838
51. Ai3-18302
52. Unii-45i14d8o27
53. Ammonium, (2-hydroxyethyl)trimethyl-, Chloride
54. Choline Chloride,(s)
55. 2-hydroxyethyl(trimethyl)ammonium Chloride
56. Dsstox_cid_325
57. Choline Chloride-[13c]
58. Choline Chloride-[15n]
59. Ec 200-655-4
60. Dsstox_rid_75513
61. Dsstox_gsid_20325
62. Schembl14957
63. 2-hydroxy-n,n,n-trimethylethan-1-aminium Chloride
64. Choline Chloride [mi]
65. Spectrum1503428
66. Choline Chloride [fcc]
67. 2-hydroxy-n,n,n-trimethylethanaminium Chloride (1:1)
68. Choline Chloride [hsdb]
69. Choline Chloride [inci]
70. Choline Chloride [vandf]
71. Dtxsid4020325
72. Hms500f09
73. Choline Chloride [mart.]
74. Choline Chloride [usp-rs]
75. Choline Chloride [who-dd]
76. Hms1922e20
77. Hms2093g05
78. Hms3652d05
79. Hms3885f09
80. Pharmakon1600-01503428
81. Amy13898
82. Choline Chloride [hoetn1,1,1]cl
83. Hy-b1337
84. Hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium Chloride
85. Tox21_200492
86. Ccg-39465
87. Nsc758473
88. S4171
89. Akos015903458
90. Cs-4855
91. Fs-3795
92. Nsc-758473
93. Cas-67-48-1
94. Wln: Q2k1&1&1 &q &g
95. Ncgc00095059-01
96. Ncgc00095059-02
97. Ncgc00258046-01
98. (2-hydroxyethyl)trimethyl Ammonium Chloride
99. Db-055035
100. B1703
101. Ft-0612603
102. Ft-0665025
103. Sw219165-1
104. (.beta.-hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium Chloride
105. A16451
106. D70213
107. Ab01568267_01
108. A835769
109. Q2964153
110. Sr-01000075745-3
111. Sr-01000075745-5
112. 1cdefbd7-7905-4d2c-bea8-44a54d9787d3
113. F8889-3032
114. Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-n,n,n-trimethyl-, Chloride (1:1)
| Molecular Weight | 139.62 g/mol |
|---|---|
| Molecular Formula | C5H14ClNO |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 1 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 2 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 2 |
| Exact Mass | 139.0763918 g/mol |
| Monoisotopic Mass | 139.0763918 g/mol |
| Topological Polar Surface Area | 20.2 Ų |
| Heavy Atom Count | 8 |
| Formal Charge | 0 |
| Complexity | 46.5 |
| Isotope Atom Count | 0 |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Defined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Covalently Bonded Unit Count | 2 |
Lipotropic Agents; Nootropic Agents
National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings online file (MeSH, 2000)
Patients receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition (TPN) develop hepatic steatosis as a complication. Our previous studies have shown this to be caused, at least in part, by choline deficiency. ... four patients (1 man, 3 women) aged 50 +/- 13 years who had low plasma-free choline concentrations 4.8 +/- 1.7 (normal, 11.4 +/- 3.7 nmol/mL) /were studied/. The patients had received TPN for 9.7 +/- 4.7 years. They received parenteral nutrition solutions containing choline chloride (1 to 4 g/d) for 6 weeks. ... During choline administration, the plasma-free choline concentration increased into the normal range within 1 week in all four patients and remained at or above the normal range for all 6 weeks, but decreased back to baseline when choline supplementation was discontinued. Hepatic steatosis resolved completely, as estimated by abdominal computed tomography (CT). Liver density increased from -14.2 +/- 22.3 Hounsfield units (HU) to 8.4 +/- 10.3 HU at week 2 (P = .002); 9.6 +/- 10.7 HU at week 4 and 13.1 +/- 7.3 HU at week 6, as determined by the liver-spleen CT number difference obtained by the subtraction of the average spleen CT number (in HU) from the average liver CT number. This improvement continued up to 4 weeks after choline supplementation (13.8 +/- 2.8 HU). Hepatic steatosis was shown to have recurred in one patient after 10 weeks of return to choline-free parenteral nutrition. The hepatic steatosis associated with parenteral nutrition can be ameliorated, and possibly prevented, with choline supplementation. ...
PMID:7590654 Buchman AL et al; Hepatology 22 (5): 1399-403 (1995)
Previous studies have shown that plasma free choline concentrations are significantly decreased in many long-term home total parenteral nutrition (TPN) patients. Furthermore, low choline status has been associated with both hepatic morphologic and hepatic aminotransferase abnormalities. A preliminary pilot study suggested choline-supplemented TPN may be useful in reversal of these hepatic abnormalities. ... : Fifteen patients (10 M, 5 F) who had required TPN for > or =80% of their nutritional needs were randomized to receive their usual TPN (n = 8), or TPN to which 2 g choline chloride had been added (n = 7) for 24 weeks. Baseline demographic data were similar between groups. Patients had CT scans of the liver and spleen, and blood for plasma free and phospholipid-bound choline, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), bilirubin, serum lipids, complete blood count (CBC), and chemistry profile obtained at baseline, and weeks 2, 4, 6, 12, 16, 20, 24, and 34. CT scans were analyzed for Hounsfield unit (HU) densities. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in any measured parameters after 2 weeks. However, at 4 weeks, a significant difference in liver HU between groups was observed (13.3+/-5.0 HU [choline] vs 5.8+/-5.2 HU [placebo], p = .04). This significant trend continued through week 24. Recurrent hepatic steatosis and decreased HU were observed at week 34, 10 weeks after choline supplementation had been discontinued. A significant increase in the liver-spleen differential HU was also observed in the choline group (10.6+/-6.2 HU [choline] vs 1.3+/-3.3 HU [placebo], p = .01). Serum ALT decreased significantly (p = .01 to .05) in the choline group vs placebo at weeks 6,12, 20, and 24. Serum AST was significantly decreased in the choline group by week 24 (p = .02). The serum alkaline phosphatase was significantly reduced in the choline group at weeks 2, 12, 20, 24, and 34 (p = .02 to 0.07). Total bilirubin was normal in these patients and remained unchanged during the study. Serum GGT tended to decrease more in the choline group, but the greater decrease was not statistically significant. ... Choline deficiency is a significant contributor to the development of TPN-associated liver disease. The data suggest choline is a required nutrient for long-term home TPN patients.
PMID:11531217 Buchman AL et al; JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 25 (5): 260-8 (2001)
Choline salts (...chloride...) are used in treatment of fatty degeneration and cirrhosis of the liver. Results in treatment of advanced fibrotic cirrhosis of liver has been disappointing. It has not been shown conclusively that choline therapy is superior to an adequate diet in treatment of liver diseases.
American Hospital Formulary Service. Volumes I and II. Washington, DC: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, to 1984., p. 56:24
For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for CHOLINE CHLORIDE (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Lipotropic Agents
Endogenous factors or drugs that increase the transport and metabolism of LIPIDS including the synthesis of LIPOPROTEINS by the LIVER and their uptake by extrahepatic tissues. (See all compounds classified as Lipotropic Agents.)
Nootropic Agents
Drugs used to specifically facilitate learning or memory, particularly to prevent the cognitive deficits associated with dementias. These drugs act by a variety of mechanisms. (See all compounds classified as Nootropic Agents.)
A study of choline pharmacokinetics was undertaken in four patients receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition. On consecutive days, 7, 14, 28, and 56 mmol choline chloride were intravenously infused over a 12-hour period in each subject. The choline concentration was determined in plasma at baseline, 1/4, 1, 3, 6, and 12 hours, and 3 and 12 hours after the infusion ended, and in daily 24-hour urine collections. Analysis of variance showed the data fit a two-compartment model in which elimination from the central compartment was saturable significantly better than a one-compartment model in all four subjects (p < 10-8 in all cases), and significantly better than a nonsaturating model in three of the four subjects (p = 1.0 x 10-9, 7.5 x 10-6, 9.4 x 10-11, respectively). The model allowed estimates of the rate constant for choline elimination at ambient levels, first-order rate constants for transfer between central and peripheral compartments, the dissociation constant for the saturable elimination process, the apparent volume of distribution in the central compartment, the steady-state volume of distribution, and the quantities of choline in the central compartment and in the readily exchangeable pool.
PMID:8143393 Buchman AL et al; Clin Pharmacol Ther 55 (3): 277-83 (1994)
Choline chloride, a strong base, was surprisingly well absorbed at pH 7, but absorption was less at lower ph values.
The Chemical Society. Foreign Compound Metabolism in Mammals. Volume 2: A Review of the Literature Published Between 1970 and 1971. London: The Chemical Society, 1972., p. 420
Choline is absorbed from diet as such or as lecithin. Latter is hydrolyzed by intestinal mucosa to glycerophosphoryl choline, which either passes to liver to liberate choline or to peripheral tissues via intestinal lymphatics. /Choline/
Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 1575
Choline chloride (1-2 g, 4 times daily, increasing every 2 days, reaching max of 2-5 g 4 times daily, orally) dose-dependently incr serum choline levels in patients with Huntington's Disease, & incr cerebrospinal fluid choline levels not related to serum levels.
GROWDON JH ET AL; J NEUROCHEM 28(1) 229 (1977)
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for CHOLINE CHLORIDE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Free choline is not fully absorbed, especially after large doses, & intestinal bacteria metabolize choline to trimethylamine. /Choline/
Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 1575
/The/ ability to form choline /de novo via the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine using S-adenosylmethionine as the methyl donor, mostly in the liver,/ means that some of the demand for choline can ... be met using methyl groups derived from 1-carbon metabolism (via methyl-folate and methionine). Several vitamins (folate, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, and riboflavin) and the amino acid methionine interact with choline in 1-carbon metabolism ... Methionine, methyl-tetrahydrofolate (THF), and choline can be fungible sources of methyl groups. /Choline/
Coates, P.M., Blackman, M.R., Cragg, G.M., Levine, M., Moss, J., White, J.D. (Ed), Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, p. 105 (2005)
Before choline can be absorbed in the gut, some is metabolized by bacteria to form betaine and methylamines (which are not methyl donors) ... Although some free choline is excreted with urine, most is oxidized in the kidney to form betaine ... /Choline/
Coates, P.M., Blackman, M.R., Cragg, G.M., Levine, M., Moss, J., White, J.D. (Ed), Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, p. 106 (2005)
Acetylcholine is one of the most important neurotransmitters used by neurons in the memory centers of the brain (hippocampus and septum). Choline accelerates the synth and release of acetylcholine in nerve cells. Choline used by brain neurons is largely derived from membrane lecithin /(phosphatidylcholine)/, or from dietary intake of choline and lecithin ... Choline derived from lecithin may be especially important when extracellular choline is in short supply, as might be expected to occur in advanced age because of decr brain choline uptake ... /Choline/
Coates, P.M., Blackman, M.R., Cragg, G.M., Levine, M., Moss, J., White, J.D. (Ed), Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, p. 107 (2005)
For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for CHOLINE CHLORIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Choline has several roles in body. It is an important component of phospholipids, affects mobilization of fat from liver (lipotropic action), acts as methyl donor, & is essential for formation of neurotransmitter acetylcholine. /Choline/
Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 1575
Several mechanisms are suggested for the cancer-promoting effect of a choline-devoid diet. These incl incr cell proliferation related to regeneration after parenchymal cell death occurs in the choline deficient liver, hypomethylation of DNA (alters expression of genes), reactive oxygen species leakage from mitochondria with incr lipid peroxidation in liver, activation of protein kinase C signaling due to accumulation of diacylglycerol in liver, mutation of the fragile histidine triad (FHIT) gene, which is a tumor suppressor gene, and defective cell-suicide (apoptosis) mechanisms. Loss of phposphatidylethanolamine N-methyl-transferase (PEMT) function may also contribute to malignant transformation of hepatocytes. /Choline/
Coates, P.M., Blackman, M.R., Cragg, G.M., Levine, M., Moss, J., White, J.D. (Ed), Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, p. 107 (2005)
Acetylcholine is one of the most important neurotransmitters used by neurons in the memory centers of the brain (hippocampus and septum). Choline accelerates the synth and release of acetylcholine in nerve cells. /Choline/
Coates, P.M., Blackman, M.R., Cragg, G.M., Levine, M., Moss, J., White, J.D. (Ed), Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, p. 107 (2005)
Female Sprague-Dawley rats received approximately 300 mg/kg per day of choline chloride through their drinking water on days 11 of pregnancy through birth and the level of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of their male offspring was measured at 20 and 90 days of age. Prenatal choline supplementation caused significant increases in hippocampal NGF levels at 20 and 90 days of age, while levels of NGF in the frontal cortex were elevated in choline-supplemented rats at 20 days of age, but not 90 days of age. These results suggest that increases in NGF levels during development or adulthood may be one mechanism underlying improvements in spatial and temporal memory of adult rats exposed to elevated levels of choline chloride perinatally.
PMID:12144847 Sandstrom NJ et al; Brain Res 947 (1): 9-16 (2002)
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