1. 7440-47-3
2. Cr
3. Chromium Metal
4. Chrom
5. Chrome
6. Chromium, Elemental
7. Cromo
8. Chromium Atom
9. Dinakrome
10. Biochrome
11. Chromium Chips
12. Chromium Powder
13. Chromide(1-)
14. Chromium Ion
15. Chromium(iii) Compounds
16. 24cr
17. Chebi:28073
18. 0r0008q3jb
19. Chrome [french]
20. Chromium Compounds
21. Chrom [german]
22. Chromium, Metal
23. Mfcd00010944
24. 19498-56-7
25. Ccris 159
26. Hsdb 910
27. Einecs 231-157-5
28. Chromium Anion
29. Chromium Flakes
30. Unii-0r0008q3jb
31. Chromium Pellets
32. Chromium Mof
33. Chromium Nanorods
34. Chromium, Metal And Insol. Salts
35. Chromide(-i)
36. Chromium(3+)ion
37. Chromium Nanopowder
38. Chromium Nanoprisms
39. Chromium Trituration
40. Chromium Yeast Dark
41. Chromium Crystallites
42. Chromium Metal Chips
43. Chromium Yeast Light
44. Chromium(3+) Ions
45. Chromium Citrate Trit
46. Chromium Micro Powder
47. Chromium Nanoparticles
48. Chromium Ion(cr3+)
49. Chromium, Ion(cr3+)
50. Chromium [hsdb]
51. Chromium [inci]
52. Chromium [mi]
53. Chromium [vandf]
54. Chromium, Metal And Chromium(iii) Compounds
55. Chromium, Ion (cr1-)
56. Chromium, Ion (cr3 )
57. Chromium Pieces, Irregular
58. Chromium [who-dd]
59. Epitope Id:114071
60. Chromium, Ion (cr 3+)
61. Ec 231-157-5
62. Chromium Metal [chromium And Chromium Compounds]
63. Chromium Arginate 7% 40m
64. Chromium Powder, -60 Mesh
65. Ultra Thin Chromium Nanofoil
66. Chromium Powder, -100 Mesh
67. Chromium Powder, -200 Mesh
68. Chromium Powder, -325 Mesh
69. Cr(-)
70. Unii-x1n4508kf1
71. Chromium Histidinate 8% 40m
72. Chromium, Puriss., 98.0%
73. Chromium Granules, -4+7 Mesh
74. Chromium Metal Organic Framework
75. Chromium Metal-organic Framework
76. Chromium Powder, 99.5% Nano
77. Dtxsid3031022
78. Titanium Metal Organic Framework
79. Chebi:33010
80. Chromium Powder, -10+20 Mesh
81. Chromium Lysinate 0.28% 40m
82. Chromium, 99.5% Lump
83. Chromium Yeast 0.2% Blend Only
84. Chromium, Metallic [iarc]
85. Chromium Powder, Aps <10 Micron
86. Chromium(iii) Compounds, N.o.s.
87. Dtxsid401315238
88. Chromium Powder, -100+325 Mesh
89. Silica (sio2) Photoelectric Crystal
90. Akos015833211
91. Db11136
92. Chromium Pieces, 1-25mm (0.04-1in)
93. Chromium, Powder, 99.5%, -100 Mesh
94. Q725
95. Chromium Pieces, 3-8mm (0.1-0.31in)
96. Chromium, Coating Quality, 99.95%, Grit
97. Chromium Cubes, 12.5mm (0.492in) Square
98. Chromium, Chips, Thickness ~2 Mm, 99.5%
99. Chromium Chunks, 2-15mm (0.08-0.59in)
100. Chromium Flakes, 2-12mm (0.08-0.47in)
101. Chromium Molybdenum Trituration 1% 60 Mesh
102. Chromium Pieces, 3-12mm (0.12-0.47in)
103. Chromium Polynicotinate/nicotinate 0.2% 40m
104. Chromium Rice Chelate 1% 40m W/cr Arginate
105. C06268
106. Chromium, Chips, 99.995% Trace Metals Basis
107. Chromium Pieces, 2-3mm (0.08-0.12in) Thick
108. Chromium, Chunks, >=99.99% Trace Metals Basis
109. Chromium, Bar, 100mm X 2mm X 2mm, 99.7+%
110. Chromium, Rod, 10mm, Diameter 2.0mm, 99.7+%
111. Chromium, Rod, 10mm, Diameter 5.0mm, 99.7+%
112. Chromium, Rod, 25mm, Diameter 2.0mm, 99.7+%
113. Chromium, Rod, 25mm, Diameter 5.0mm, 99.7+%
114. Chromium, Rod, 50mm, Diameter 2.0mm, 99.7+%
115. Chromium, Rod, 50mm, Diameter 5.0mm, 99.7+%
116. Chromium Cubes, Typically 6.35mm (0.25in) Square
117. Chromium, Rod, 100mm, Diameter 2.0mm, 99.7+%
118. Chromium, Rod, 100mm, Diameter 5.0mm, 99.7+%
119. Chromium Crystallite Pieces, 2-15mm (0.08-0.59in)
120. Q27115184
121. Chromium, Plasma Standard Solution, Specpure, Cr 10g/ml
122. Chromium, Aas Standard Solution, Specpure?, Cr 1000?g/ml
123. Chromium, Powder, >=99% Trace Metals Basis, -325 Mesh
124. Chromium, Foil, 100x100mm, Thickness 3.0mm, Hard, 99.95%
125. Chromium, Foil, 25x25mm, Thickness 2.0mm, Hard, 99.7+%
126. Chromium, Foil, 50x50mm, Thickness 2.0mm, Hard, 99.7+%
127. Chromium, Foil, 50x50mm, Thickness 3.0mm, Hard, 99.95%
128. Chromium, Oil Based Standard Solution, Specpure, Cr 5000g/g
129. Chromium Pieces, Electrolytic, 6mm & Down, 99.997% (metals Basis)
130. Chromium, Oil Based Standard Solution, Specpure?, Cr 1000?g/g
131. Chromium, Plasma Standard Solution, Specpure(r), Cr 10,000 ?g/ml
132. Chromium, Plasma Standard Solution, Specpure?, Cr 10,000?g/ml
133. Chromium, Rod, 0.5 Mm Diameter, Length 50 Mm, Purity 99.7+%
134. Chromium, Rod, 1.0 Mm Diameter, Length 50 Mm, Purity 99.7+%
135. Chromium, Rod, 8.0 Mm Diameter, Length 100 Mm, Purity 99.7+%
136. Chromium, Rod, 8.0 Mm Diameter, Length 50 Mm, Purity 99.7+%
137. Chromium, Rod, Length 25 Mm, 0.5 Mm Diameter, Purity 99.7+%
138. Chromium Single Crystal, 8-10mm (0.3-0.4in) Dia, Random Orientation
139. Chromium, Foil, Thickness 0.5 Mm, Size 10 X 10 Mm, Purity 99.7+%
140. Chromium, Foil, Thickness 0.5 Mm, Size 100 X 100 Mm, Purity 99.99%
141. Chromium, Foil, Thickness 0.5 Mm, Size 12.5 X 12.5 Mm, Purity 99.99%
142. Chromium, Foil, Thickness 0.5 Mm, Size 25 X 25 Mm, Purity 99.99%
143. Chromium, Foil, Thickness 0.5 Mm, Size 50 X 50 Mm, Purity 99.99%
144. Chromium, Foil, Thickness 0.75 Mm, Size 25 X 25 Mm, Tolerance 0.2
145. Chromium, Foil, Thickness 1.0 Mm, Size 100 X 100 Mm, Purity 99.99%
146. Chromium, Foil, Thickness 1.0 Mm, Size 12.5 X 12.5 Mm, Purity 99.99%
147. Chromium, Foil, Thickness 1.0 Mm, Size 25 X 25 Mm, Purity 99.99%
148. Chromium, Foil, Thickness 1.0 Mm, Size 50 X 50 Mm, Purity 99.99%
149. Chromium, Foil, Thickness 1.0 Mm, Size 75 X 75 Mm, Purity 99.99%
150. Chromium, Foil, Thickness 1.5 Mm, Size 100 X 100 Mm, Purity 99.99%
151. Chromium, Foil, Thickness 1.5 Mm, Size 25 X 25 Mm, Purity 99.99%
152. Chromium, Foil, Thickness 1.5 Mm, Size 50 X 50 Mm, Purity 99.99%
153. Chromium, Foil, Thickness 2.0 Mm, Size 100 X 100 Mm, Purity 99.99%
154. Chromium, Foil, Thickness 2.0 Mm, Size 25 X 25 Mm, Purity 99.99%
155. Chromium, Foil, Thickness 2.0 Mm, Size 50 X 50 Mm, Purity 99.99%
156. Chromium, Lump, 10 Mm Max. Lump Size, Weight 10 G, Purity 99.99%
157. Chromium, Lump, 10 Mm Max. Lump Size, Weight 100 G, Purity 99.95%
158. Chromium, Lump, 10 Mm Max. Lump Size, Weight 100 G, Purity 99.99%
159. Chromium, Lump, 10 Mm Max. Lump Size, Weight 20 G, Purity 99.95%
160. Chromium, Lump, 10 Mm Max. Lump Size, Weight 20 G, Purity 99.99%
161. Chromium, Lump, 10 Mm Max. Lump Size, Weight 200 G, Purity 99.95%
162. Chromium, Lump, 10 Mm Max. Lump Size, Weight 200 G, Purity 99.99%
163. Chromium, Lump, 10 Mm Max. Lump Size, Weight 50 G, Purity 99.95%
164. Chromium, Lump, 10 Mm Max. Lump Size, Weight 50 G, Purity 99.99%
165. Chromium, Lump, 25 Mm Max. Lump Size, Weight 100 G, Purity 99.95%
166. Chromium, Lump, 25 Mm Max. Lump Size, Weight 1000 G, Purity 99.95%
167. Chromium, Lump, 25 Mm Max. Lump Size, Weight 200 G, Purity 99.95%
168. Chromium, Lump, 25 Mm Max. Lump Size, Weight 50 G, Purity 99.95%
169. Chromium, Lump, 25 Mm Max. Lump Size, Weight 500 G, Purity 99.95%
170. Chromium, Powder, Mean Particle Size <10 Micron, Weight 20 G, Purity 99%
171. Chromium, Powder, Mean Particle Size <10 Micron, Weight 50 G, Purity 99%
172. Chromium Single Crystal, 8-10mm (0.3-0.4in) Dia, (100) Orientation, +/-2 Degrees
173. Chromium Single Crystal, 8-10mm (0.3-0.4in) Dia, (110) Orientation, +/-2 Degrees
174. Chromium Single Crystal, 8-10mm (0.3-0.4in) Dia, (111) Orientation, +/-2 Degrees
175. Chromium Sputtering Target, 50.8mm (2.0in) Dia X 3.18mm (0.125in) Thick
176. Chromium Sputtering Target, 50.8mm (2.0in) Dia X 6.35mm (0.250in) Thick
177. Chromium Sputtering Target, 76.2mm (3.0in) Dia X 6.35mm (0.250in) Thick
178. Chromium, Plasma Standard Solution, Specpure?, Cr 1000?g/ml, Cr In 5% Hcl
179. Chromium, Plasma Standard Solution, Specpure?, Cr 1000?g/ml, Cr(no3)3 In 5% Hno3
180. Chromium, Powder, <10 Mean Particle Size (micron), Weight 100 G, Purity 99%
181. Chromium, Powder, <10 Mean Particle Size (micron), Weight 200 G, Purity 99%
182. Chromium, Powder, 200 Max. Part. Size (micron), Weight 200 G, Purity 99.0+%
183. Chromium, Powder, 200 Max. Part. Size (micron), Weight 2000 G, Purity 99.0+%
184. Chromium, Powder, 200 Max. Part. Size (micron), Weight 50 G, Purity 99.0+%
185. Chromium, Powder, 38 Max. Part. Size (micron), Weight 100 G, Purity 99.0+%
186. Chromium, Powder, Max. Particle Size 200 Micron, Weight 100 G, Purity 99.+%
187. Chromium, Powder, Max. Particle Size 200 Micron, Weight 1000 G, Purity 99.+%
188. Chromium, Powder, Max. Particle Size 200 Micron, Weight 500 G, Purity 99.+%
189. Chromium, Powder, Max. Particle Size 38 Micron, Weight 1000 G, Purity 99.+%
190. Chromium, Powder, Max. Particle Size 38 Micron, Weight 200 G, Purity 99.+%
191. Chromium, Powder, Max. Particle Size 38 Micron, Weight 50 G, Purity 99.+%
192. Chromium, Powder, Max. Particle Size 38 Micron, Weight 500 G, Purity 99.+%
193. Chromium, Powder, Max. Particle Size 45 Micron, Weight 100 G, Min. Particle Size 38 Micron
194. Chromium, Powder, Max. Particle Size 45 Micron, Weight 200 G, Min. Particle Size 38 Micron
195. Chromium, Powder, Max. Particle Size 45 Micron, Weight 50 G, Min. Particle Size 38 Micron
196. Chromium, Powder, Max. Particle Size 45 Micron, Weight 500 G, Min. Particle Size 38 Micron
197. Chromium Single Crystal Disc, 10mm (0.39in) Dia, 1-3mm (0.04-0.1in) Thick, (100) Orientation, +/-0.5 Degrees
198. Chromium Single Crystal Disc, 10mm (0.39in) Dia, 1-3mm (0.04-0.1in) Thick, (110) Orientation, +/-0.5 Degrees
199. Chromium Single Crystal Disc, 10mm (0.39in) Dia, 1-3mm (0.04-0.1in) Thick, (111) Orientation, +/-0.5 Degrees
200. Chromium, Foil, Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.005mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
201. Chromium, Foil, Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.006mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
202. Chromium, Foil, Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.007mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
203. Chromium, Foil, Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.008mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
204. Chromium, Foil, Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.009mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
205. Chromium, Foil, Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.0125mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
206. Chromium, Foil, Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.015mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
207. Chromium, Foil, Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.01mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
208. Chromium, Foil, Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.025mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
209. Chromium, Foil, Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.02mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
210. Chromium, Foil, Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.03mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
211. Chromium, Foil, Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.04mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
212. Chromium, Foil, Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.05mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
213. Chromium, Foil, Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.075mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
214. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 100x100mm, Thickness 0.0125mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
215. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 100x100mm, Thickness 0.015mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
216. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 100x100mm, Thickness 0.01mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
217. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 100x100mm, Thickness 0.025mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
218. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 100x100mm, Thickness 0.02mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
219. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 100x100mm, Thickness 0.03mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
220. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 100x100mm, Thickness 0.04mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
221. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 100x100mm, Thickness 0.05mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
222. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.0015mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
223. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.001mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
224. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.0025mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
225. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.002mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
226. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.003mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
227. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.004mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
228. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.005mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
229. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.006mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
230. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.007mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
231. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.009mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
232. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.0125mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
233. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.015mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
234. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.01mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
235. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.025mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
236. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.02mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
237. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.03mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
238. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.04mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
239. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.05mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
240. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.075mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
241. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.001mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
242. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.0025mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
243. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.002mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
244. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.003mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
245. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.004mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
246. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.005mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
247. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.006mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
248. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.007mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
249. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.008mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
250. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.009mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
251. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.0125mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
252. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.015mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
253. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.01mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
254. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.025mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
255. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.02mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
256. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.03mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
257. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.04mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
258. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.05mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
259. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.075mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%
260. Chromium, Microfoil, Disks, 10mm, Thinness 0.025mum, Specific Density 18.21mug/cm2, Permanent Mylar 3.5mum Support, 99.99+%
261. Chromium, Microfoil, Disks, 10mm, Thinness 0.05mum, Specific Density 37.27mug/cm2, Permanent Mylar 3.5mum Support, 99.99+%
262. Chromium, Microfoil, Disks, 10mm, Thinness 0.25mum, Specific Density 178.7mug/cm2, Permanent Mylar 3.5mum Support, 99.99+%
263. Chromium, Microfoil, Disks, 10mm, Thinness 0.5mum, Specific Density 355mug/cm2, Permanent Mylar 3.5mum Support, 99.99+%
264. Chromium, Microfoil, Disks, 10mm, Thinness 1.0mum, Specific Density 719mug/cm2, Permanent Mylar 3.5mum Support, 99.99+%
265. Chromium, Microfoil, Disks, 25mm, Thinness 0.05mum, Specific Density 37.27mug/cm2, Permanent Mylar 3.5mum Support, 99.99+%
266. Chromium, Microfoil, Disks, 25mm, Thinness 0.25mum, Specific Density 178.7mug/cm2, Permanent Mylar 3.5mum Support, 99.99+%
267. Chromium, Microfoil, Disks, 25mm, Thinness 0.5mum, Specific Density 355mug/cm2, Permanent Mylar 3.5mum Support, 99.99+%
268. Chromium, Microfoil, Disks, 25mm, Thinness 1.0mum, Specific Density 719mug/cm2, Permanent Mylar 3.5mum Support, 99.99+%
269. Chromium, Powder, Max. Particle Size 45 Micron, Weight 1000 G, Min. Particle Size 38 Micron
270. Chromium, Sputtering Target, Diam. X Thickness 3.00 In. X 0.125 In., 99.95% Trace Metals Basis
| Molecular Weight | 51.996 g/mol |
|---|---|
| Molecular Formula | Cr |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 0 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 0 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 0 |
| Exact Mass | 51.940505 g/mol |
| Monoisotopic Mass | 51.940505 g/mol |
| Topological Polar Surface Area | 0 Ų |
| Heavy Atom Count | 1 |
| Formal Charge | 0 |
| Complexity | 0 |
| Isotope Atom Count | 0 |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Defined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Covalently Bonded Unit Count | 1 |
Indicated for use as a supplement to intravenous solutions given for total parenteral nutrition (TPN), to maintain chromium serum levels and to prevent depletion of endogenous stores and subsequent deficiency symptoms.
FDA Label
Trivalent chromium is part of glucose tolerance factor, an essential activator of insulin-mediated reactions. Chromium helps to maintain normal glucose metabolism and peripheral nerve function. Chromium increases insulin binding to cells, increases insulin receptor density and activates insulin receptor kinase leading to enhanced insulin sensitivity. In chromium deficiency, intravenous administration of chromium resulted in normalization of the glucose tolerance curve from the diabetic-like curve typical of chromium deficiency.
Trace Elements
A group of chemical elements that are needed in minute quantities for the proper growth, development, and physiology of an organism. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) (See all compounds classified as Trace Elements.)
Absorption
Chromium compounds are both absorbed by the lung and the gastrointestinal tract. Oral absorption of chromium compounds in humans can range between 0.5% and 10%, with the hexavalent (VI) chromium more easily absorbed than the trivalent (III) form. Absorption of chromium from the intestinal tract is low, ranging from less than 0.4% to 2.5% of the amount consumed. Vitamin C and the vitamin B niacin is reported to enhance chromium absorption. Most hexavalent Cr (VI) undergoes partial intragastric reduction to Cr (III) upon absorption, which is an action mainly mediated by sulfhydryl groups of amino acids. Cr (VI) readily penetrates cell membranes and chromium can be found in both erythrocytes and plasma after gastrointestinal absorption of Cr (IV). In comparison, the presence of chromium is limited to the plasma as Cr (III) displays poor cell membrane penetration. Once transported through the cell membrane, Cr (VI) is rapidly reduced to Cr (III), which subsequently binds to macromolecules or conjugate with proteins. Cr (III) may be bound to transferrin or other plasma proteins, or as complexes, such as glucose tolerance factor (GTF).
Route of Elimination
Absorbed chromium is excreted mainly in the urine, accounting for 80% of total excretion of chromium; small amounts are lost in hair, perspiration and bile. Chromium is excreted primarily in the urine by glomerular filtration or bound to a low molecular-weight organic transporter.
Volume of Distribution
Absorbed chromium is distributed to all tissues of the body and its distribution in the body depends on the species, age, and chemical form. Circulating Cr (III) following oral or parenteral administration of different compounds can be taken up by tissues and accumulates in the liver, kidney, spleen, soft tissue, and bone.
Clearance
Excretion of chromium is via the kidneys ranges from 3 to 50 g/day. The 24-hour urinary excretion rates for normal human subjects are reported to be 0.22 g/day.
The objective of the Part II analysis was to evaluate animal and in vitro toxicology studies of CoCr particles with respect to their physicochemistry and dose relevance to metal-on-metal (MoM) implant patients as derived from Part I. In the various toxicology studies, physicochemical characteristics were infrequently considered and administered doses were orders of magnitude higher than what occurs in patients. Co was consistently shown to rapidly release from CoCr particles for distribution and elimination from the body. CoCr micron sized particles appear more biopersistent in vivo resulting in inflammatory responses that are not seen with similar mass concentrations of nanoparticles. We conclude, that in an attempt to obtain data for a complete risk assessment, future studies need to focus on physicochemical characteristics of nano and micron sized particles and on doses and dose metrics relevant to those generated in patients or in properly conducted hip simulator studies. /CoCr particles/
PMID:25735266 Madl AK et al; Nanomedicine.11 (5): 1285-98 (2015)
The kinetics of metal ions release from orthodontic appliances in in vitro, in in vivo on pigs, and in vivo trials on patients (where hair samples were taken) was discussed. We have evaluated (by means of ICP-OES and ISO 17025) and compared the mass of Cr and Ni ions released. Not all the metal ions released from the appliance were transferred to hair tissue. The transfer factor was expressed as coefficient omega and evaluated as: omegaCr(patients) 33.0%, omegaCr(pigs) 17.2%, omegaNi(patients) 49.8%, omegaNi(pigs) 0.553%. The kinetics was described by a power function. Coefficient omega was used to combine the models: the in vitro and in vivo on animals on the one hand and the in vitro and in vivo on human on the other, which enabled the extrapolation of in vitro and translation of the results into in vivo conditions. The dose of metal ions released during orthodontic treatment was estimated.
PMID:25461553 Chojnacka K, Mikulewicz M; Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 38 (3): 932-7 (2014)
The metabolism of Cr (VI) involves reduction by small molecules and enzyme systems to generate Cr (III) and reactive intermediates. During this process, free radicals can be generated, which is thought to induce damage of cellular components and cause toxicity of chromium. The metabolites bind to cellular constituents.
The elimination half-life of hexavalent chromium is 15 to 41 hours.
Blood: 24 days; body: initial elimination 1/2 life = 2-3 days; extended 1/2 life = 1 month; [TDR, p. 368] After chronic exposure, workers can have high levels of chromium in the urine for years. [ACGIH]
TDR - Ryan RP, Terry CE, Leffingwell SS (eds). Toxicology Desk Reference: The Toxic Exposure and Medical Monitoring Index, 5th Ed. Washington DC: Taylor & Francis, 1999., p. 368 ACGIH - Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs, 7th Ed. Cincinnati: ACGIH Worldwide, 2020.
Chromium is an essential nutrient involved in the metabolism of glucose, insulin and blood lipids. Its role in potentiating insulin signalling cascades has been implicated in several studies. Chromium upregulates insulin-stimulated insulin signal transduction via affecting effector molecules downstream of the insulin receptor (IR). IR-mediated signalling pathway involves phoshorylation of multiple intracellular domains and protein kinases, and downstream effector molecules. Upon activation by ligands, intracellular -subunit of IR autophosphorylates and activates tyrosine kinase domain of the IR, followed by activation and phosphorylation of regulatory proteins and downstream signalling effectors including phosphatidylinositol 2-kinase (PI3K). PI3K activates further downstream reaction cascades to activate protein kinase B (Akt) to ultimately promote translocation of glucose transporter-4 (Glut4)-vesicles from the cytoplasm to the cell surface and regulate glucose uptake. Chromium enhances the kinase activity of insulin receptor and increases the activity of downstream effectors, pI3-kinase and Akt. Under insulin-resistant conditions, chromium also promotes GLUT-4 transporter translocation that is independent of activity of IR, IRS-1, PI3-kinase, or Akt; chromium mediates cholesterol efflux from the membranes via increasing fluidity of the membrane by decreasing the membrane cholesterol and upregulation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein. As a result, intracellular GLUT-4 transporters are stimulated to translocate from intracellular to the plasma membrane, leading to enhanced glucose uptake in muscle cells. Chromium attenuates the activity of PTP-1B _in vitro,_ which is a negative regulator of insulin signaling. It also alleviates ER stress that is observed to be elevated the suppression of insulin signaling. ER stress is thought to activate c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), which subsequently induces serine phosphorylation of IRS and aberration of insulin signalling. Transient upregulation of AMPK by chromium also leads to increased glucose uptake.
While the toxicity of metals and metalloids, like arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead and chromium, is undisputed, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not entirely clear. General consensus holds that proteins are the prime targets; heavy metals interfere with the physiological activity of specific, particularly susceptible proteins, either by forming a complex with functional side chain groups or by displacing essential metal ions in metalloproteins. Recent studies have revealed an additional mode of metal action targeted at proteins in a non-native state; certain heavy metals and metalloids have been found to inhibit the in vitro refolding of chemically denatured proteins, to interfere with protein folding in vivo and to cause aggregation of nascent proteins in living cells. Apparently, unfolded proteins with motile backbone and side chains are considerably more prone to engage in stable, pluridentate metal complexes than native proteins with their well-defined 3D structure. By interfering with the folding process, heavy metal ions and metalloids profoundly affect protein homeostasis and cell viability. This review describes how heavy metals impede protein folding and promote protein aggregation, how cells regulate quality control systems to protect themselves from metal toxicity and how metals might contribute to protein misfolding disorders.
PMID:24970215 Full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4030994 Tamas MJ et al; Biomolecules. 4(1): 252-67 (2014)
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