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    Chemistry

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    Also known as: Copper sulfate, 7758-98-7, Copper(ii) sulfate, Copper sulphate, Cupric sulfate anhydrous, Copper(2+) sulfate
    Molecular Formula
    CuO4S
    Molecular Weight
    159.61  g/mol
    InChI Key
    ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L
    FDA UNII
    KUW2Q3U1VV
    Copper Sulfate
    A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.
    1 2D Structure

    Copper Sulfate

    2 Identification
    2.1 Computed Descriptors
    2.1.1 IUPAC Name
    copper;sulfate
    2.1.2 InChI
    InChI=1S/Cu.H2O4S/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+2;/p-2
    2.1.3 InChI Key
    ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L
    2.1.4 Canonical SMILES
    [O-]S(=O)(=O)[O-].[Cu+2]
    2.2 Other Identifiers
    2.2.1 UNII
    KUW2Q3U1VV
    2.3 Synonyms
    2.3.1 MeSH Synonyms

    1. Blue Vitriol

    2. Copper Sulfate

    3. Sulfate, Copper

    4. Sulfate, Cupric

    5. Vitriol, Blue

    2.3.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

    1. Copper Sulfate

    2. 7758-98-7

    3. Copper(ii) Sulfate

    4. Copper Sulphate

    5. Cupric Sulfate Anhydrous

    6. Copper(2+) Sulfate

    7. Copper(ii) Sulfate, Anhydrous

    8. Copper Monosulfate

    9. Cupricsulfate

    10. Blue Stone

    11. Copper(2+) Sulphate

    12. Copper Ii Sulfate

    13. Copper Sulfate (1:1)

    14. Sulfuric Acid Copper(2+) Salt (1:1)

    15. Copper;sulfate

    16. Cuso4

    17. Copper(ii) Sulphate

    18. Coppersulfate

    19. Copper(2+) Sulfate (1:1)

    20. 10124-44-4

    21. Copper Sulfate, Anhydrous

    22. Copper Monosulphate

    23. 18939-61-2

    24. Sulfuric Acid, Copper(2+) Salt

    25. Cupric Sulphate Anhydrous

    26. Cupric Sulfate, Anhydrous

    27. Cupric Sulphate, Anhydrous

    28. Kuw2q3u1vv

    29. Copper(ii) Sulfate Solution

    30. 1332-14-5

    31. Hylinec

    32. Trinagle

    33. Delcup

    34. Sulfuric Acid, Coppersalt (8ci,9ci)

    35. Monocopper Sulfate

    36. Incracide 10a

    37. Bcs Copper Fungicide

    38. Blue Copper (van)

    39. Bonide Root Destroyer

    40. Copper Sulfate Powder

    41. Kupfersulfat [german]

    42. All Clear Root Destroyer

    43. Snow Crystal Copper Sulfate

    44. Sulfate De Cuivre [french]

    45. Aqua Maid Permanent Algaecide

    46. Ccris 3665

    47. Hsdb 916

    48. Granular Crystals Copper Sulfate

    49. Copper (ii) Sulphate

    50. Mac 570

    51. Bluestone Copper Sulfate

    52. Tobacco States Brand Copper Sulfate

    53. Einecs 231-847-6

    54. Phelps Triangle Brand Copper Sulfate

    55. Unii-kuw2q3u1vv

    56. Mfcd00010981

    57. Nsc 57630

    58. Sulfuric Acid, Copper Salt

    59. Copper (ii) Sulfate Anhydrous

    60. Sa-50 Brand Copper Sulfate Granular Crystals

    61. Aquatronics Snail-a-cide Dri-pac Snail Powder

    62. Copper(ii)sulphate

    63. Copper(ii)-sulfate

    64. Einecs 242-692-9

    65. Copper (as Sulfate)

    66. Copper Sulfate Chelate

    67. Cuso4 Copper Sulphate

    68. Copper (11) Sulfate

    69. Copper( Cento) Sulfate

    70. Sulfuric Acid, Copper(2+) Salt (1:?)

    71. Cupric Sulfate,anhydrous

    72. Bluestone, Cupric Sulfate

    73. Copper(ii) Tetraoxosulfate

    74. Cupric Sulfate [mi]

    75. Copper Sulfate [inci]

    76. Cupric Sulfate [hsdb]

    77. Sulfuric Acid Copper(2+)salt

    78. Copper Sulfate [who-dd]

    79. Dtxsid6034479

    80. Chebi:23414

    81. Copper Sulphate (1:1)

    82. Cupric Sulfate Anhydrous [ii]

    83. Akos015902901

    84. Copper(2+) Sulphate (1:1)

    85. Db06778

    86. Cupric Sulfate,anhydrous [vandf]

    87. Bp-20356

    88. Fishertab™ Ct-37 Kjeldahl Tablets

    89. Fishertab™ Ct-50 Kjeldahl Tablets

    90. Fishertab™ Tt-35 Kjeldahl Tablets

    91. Fishertab™ Tt-43 Kjeldahl Tablets

    92. Fishertab™ Tt-50 Kjeldahl Tablets

    93. Fishertab™ Tt-57 Kjeldahl Tablets

    94. Fishertab™ Ct-auto Kjeldahl Tablets

    95. Ft-0624048

    96. C18713

    97. Copper Sulfate, Anhydrous [ep Impurity]

    98. Cupric Sulfate Anhydrous [usp Monograph]

    99. Cupric Sulphate, Copper Sulphate, Cupric Sulfate

    100. A923422

    101. Q107184

    102. Sr-01000944582

    103. Sr-01000944582-1

    2.4 Create Date
    2004-09-16
    3 Chemical and Physical Properties
    Molecular Weight 159.61 g/mol
    Molecular Formula CuO4S
    Hydrogen Bond Donor Count0
    Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count4
    Rotatable Bond Count0
    Exact Mass158.881327 g/mol
    Monoisotopic Mass158.881327 g/mol
    Topological Polar Surface Area88.6 Ų
    Heavy Atom Count6
    Formal Charge0
    Complexity62.2
    Isotope Atom Count0
    Defined Atom Stereocenter Count0
    Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count0
    Defined Bond Stereocenter Count0
    Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count0
    Covalently Bonded Unit Count2
    4 Drug and Medication Information
    4.1 Therapeutic Uses

    Antidotes; Emetics; Fungicides, Industrial

    National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings online file (MeSH, 1999)

    /SRP: EXTERNAL/ ANTIDOTE FOR WHITE PHOSPHORUS POISONING.

    SRI

    /SRP: FORMER USE/ A 0.1% soln of copper sulfate has been used for gastric lavage in phosphorus poisoning; it must be removed promptly to avoid copper poisoning. Topical application of a 1% soln is of value for phosphorus burns of the skin.

    Reynolds, J.E.F., Prasad, A.B. (eds.) Martindale-The Extra Pharmacopoeia. 28th ed. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1982., p. 931

    EXPT USE: IN EXPT WITH RATS TO FIND SIMPLE EFFICIENT ANTIDOTE FOR PHOSPHORUS BURNS, USE OF 5% COPPER SULFATE WAS HIGHLY TOXIC. SOLN OF 5% SODIUM BICARBONATE WITH 1% HYDROXYETHYL-CELLULOSE, 3% COPPER SULFATE & LAURYL SULFATE NEUTRALIZES PROCESS OF BURNING PHOSPHORUS.

    PMID:5047150 BEN-HUR N ET AL; BR J PLAST SURG 25 (3): 245-9 (1972)

    For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for COPPER(II) SULFATE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

    4.2 Drug Warning

    ... Its routine use as an emetic is not recommended, because of the potential toxicity of improperly prepared soln and the hazards attending the use of large, corrosive doses.

    Osol, A. (ed.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 16th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1980., p. 748

    Overdose may be poisonous (enteritis, hepatitis, nephritis).

    Rossoff, I.S. Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1974., p. 136

    MAY CAUSE DRAMATIC INCR IN MORTALITY OF TURKEYS GIVEN BLACKHEAD CONTROL DRUGS CONTAINING ARSENIC & EXPOSED TO BLACKHEAD.

    Rossoff, I.S. Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1974., p. 136

    CUPRIC ... SULFATE /AS EMETIC/ OFTEN IS EFFECTIVE, BUT POTENTIAL HEMOLYTIC & RENAL TOXICITY IS TOO GREAT TO RECOMMEND USE.

    American Medical Association, AMA Department of Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations. 4th ed. Chicago: American Medical Association, 1980., p. 1436

    4.3 Drug Indication

    Elemental use in copper deficiency Copper and copper containing compounds are broadly used in medical practice. Metallic copper is used already for many years in dental fillings and in copper intrauterine devices (IUD) for reversible contraception. Ointments containing copper, which release copper ions that are absorbed by the skin in the management of cramps, disturbances of renal function, peripheral, venous hypostatic circulatory disturbances, rheumatic disease and swelling associated with trauma. There are also cosmetic facial creams containing copper as their main active ingredient.

    5 Pharmacology and Biochemistry
    5.1 Pharmacology

    Copper is an essential mineral that plays a key role in many physiological processes, including angiogenesis, skin generation and expression and stabilization of skin proteins. Copper is found naturally in many food sources including meats, vegetables, and grains. Copper has potent biocidal properties and is used to eliminate bacteria, viruses and parasites,. Copper is one of the nine essential minerals for humans, as it plays an imperative role in various physiological pathways in basically all human tissue, as well as in the health of the dermis and epidermis. In addition to the above, copper is essential in wound healing, as it promotes angiogenesis and skin extracellular matrix formation and stabilization.

    5.2 MeSH Pharmacological Classification

    Emetics

    Agents that cause vomiting. They may act directly on the gastrointestinal tract, bringing about emesis through local irritant effects, or indirectly, through their effects on the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the postremal area near the medulla. (See all compounds classified as Emetics.)

    Antidotes

    Agents counteracting or neutralizing the action of POISONS. (See all compounds classified as Antidotes.)

    5.3 ATC Code

    V - Various

    V03 - All other therapeutic products

    V03A - All other therapeutic products

    V03AB - Antidotes

    V03AB20 - Copper sulfate

    5.4 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

    Absorption

    Primarily absorbed in the small intestine. Based on studies with radioactive isotopes of copper, most copper is absorbed from the stomach and duodenum of the gastrointestinal tract. Maximum blood copper levels are observed within 1 to 3 hours following oral administration, and about 50 percent of ingested copper was absorbed. Copper absorption is proposed to occur by two mechanisms, one energy- dependent and the other enzymatic. Factors that can interfere with copper absorption include competition for binding sites with zinc, interactions with molybdenum and sulfates, chelation with phytates, and inhibition by ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Copper absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract is transported rapidly to blood serum and deposited in the liver bound to metallothionein. From 20 to 60% of the dietary copper is absorbed.

    Route of Elimination

    This drug is 80% eliminated via the liver in bile. Minimal excretion by the kidney. Metabolism studies show that persons with daily intakes of 2-5 mg of copper per day absorbed 0.6 to 1.6 mg (32%), excreted 0.5 to 1.3 mg in the bile, passed 0.1 to 0.3 mg directly into the bowel, and excreted 0.01 to 0.06 mg in the urine. As the data indicate, urinary excretion plays a negligible role in copper clearance, and the main route of excretion is in the bile. Other nonsignificant excretory routes include saliva, sweat, menstrual flow, and excretion into the intestine from the blood.

    Volume of Distribution

    The body of a 70 kg healthy individual contains approximately 110 mg of copper, 50% of which is found in the bones and muscles, 15% in the skin, 15% in the bone marrow, 10% in the hepatic system, and 8% in the brain. The distribution of copper is affected by sex, age, and the amount of copper in the diet. Brain and liver have the highest tissue levels (about one-third of the total body burden), with lesser concentrations found in the heart, spleen, kidneys, and blood. The iris and choroid of the eye have very high copper levels. Erythrocyte copper levels are generally stable, however, plasma levels fluctuate widely in association with the synthesis and release of ceruloplasmin. Plasma copper levels during gestation may be 2-3 times levels measured before pregnancy, due to the increased synthesis of ceruloplasmin.

    Effect of hydrogen ion (H+) concentration, water hardness, suspended solids, fish age, size, and species, acclimatization to copper, and levels of copper in food on poisoning of fish by copper sulfate used as a herbicide in freshwater ponds is discussed. Copper levels in muscle, kidney, and organs of rainbow trout were approximately 0.8-1.1, 2.0-2.3, and 115-150 mg/kg fresh weight, respectively, after 12 months intermittent exposure to various copper sulfate containing formulations 0.6, 2.0, and 100 mg/kg, respectively, in controls ... .

    Bohl M, Wagner H; Fisch Umwelt 10(Beitr Fischtoxikol - Parasitol): 121-7 (1981)

    Male rats were orally administered for 2, 5, and 11 days with 0.5 mmol/kg of copper cmpd. ... In the case of cupric carbonate, copper was much more distributed in the tissues, especially in the liver, than for copper sulfate. The copper level increased progresively in mitochondria lysosomal fractions of the liver in proportion to the period of administration. In the 105,000 g supernatant fraction, copper was distributed in the metallothionein fraction rather than in the superoxide dismutase fraction. The administration of copper cmpd resulted in an increase in the zinc level in the liver, kidney and spleen, preferentially in the metallothionein fraction of the liver, but it seemed to have little effect on iron metabolism.

    Fujita M et al; Eisei Kagaku 30 (2): 69-78 (1984)

    5.5 Metabolism/Metabolites

    Maximum blood copper levels were observed within 1 to 3 hours following oral administration, and about 50 percent of ingested copper was absorbed. Copper absorption is believed to occur by two mechanisms, one energy- dependent and the other enzymatic. Factors that can interfere with copper absorption include competition for binding sites with zinc, interactions with molybdenum and sulfates, chelation with phytates, and inhibition by ascorbic acid. Copper absorbed from the intestine is transported quickly into blood serum and deposited in the liver bound to metallothionein. It is released and incorporated into ceruloplasmin, a copper-specific transport protein. The remaining copper in the serum binds to albumin or amino acids or is contained in the erythrocytes. About 80 percent of the absorbed copper is bound to liver metallothionein; the remainder is included into cytochrome c oxidase or sequestered by lysosomes.

    5.6 Biological Half-Life

    The biological half-life of copper from the diet is 13-33 days with biliary excretion being the primary route of elimination.

    5.7 Mechanism of Action

    This drug is an essential trace element for the functioning of many metalloenzymes including ceruloplasmin, ferroxidase II, lysyl oxidase, monoamine oxidase, Zn-copper superoxide dismutase, tyrosinase, dopamine--hydroxylase, and cytochrome-c-oxidase. It is involved in erythropoiesis & leukopoiesis, bone mineralization, elastin and collagen cross-linking, oxidative phosphorylation, catecholamine metabolism, melanin formation & antioxidant protection of cells. Cupric sulfate may also have a role in iron turnover, ascorbic acid metabolism, phospholipid metabolism, myelin formation, glucose homeostasis, and cellular immune defense. After the metal passes through the basolateral membrane it is transported to the liver, attached to serum albumin. The liver is the critical organ for the homeostasis of copper. The copper is then prepared for excretion through the bile or incorporation into various proteins. The transport of copper to the peripheral tissues is accomplished through the plasma attached to serum albumin, ceruloplasmin or low-molecular-weight complexes. In the dermis, copper promotes dermal fibroblasts proliferation, upregulates collagen (types I, II, and V) and elastin fiber components (elastin, fibrillins) production by fibroblasts, through the induction of TGF-, promotes heat shock protein-47, important for collagen fibril formation, serves as a cofactor of LOX enzyme required for extracellular matrix protein cross-linking, stabilizes the skin ECM once formed, as increased crosslinking of collagen and elastin matrices occurs in a copper dose dependant manner, serves as a cofactor of superoxide dismutase, an antioxidant enzyme in the skin, essential for protection against free radicals, inhibits cellular oxidative effects such as membrane damage and lipid peroxidation, acts as a cofactor of tyrosinase, a melanin biosynthesis essential enzyme responsible for skin and hair pigmentation. In reference to its role as a biocide, copper is an essential nutrient for many organisms. It acts as a cofactor in respiration, and therefore copper is required for aerobic metabolism. Accumulation of copper ions or intracellular release of free copper ions from proteins lead to cell damage. Copper catalyzes reactions that result in the production of hydroxyl radicals through the Fenton and Haber-Weiss reactions. The highly reactive oxygen intermediates lead to lipid peroxidation and oxidation of proteins. Free copper ions oxidize sulfhydryl groups, such as cysteine, in proteins or the cellular redox buffer glutathione. In particular, copper ions inactivate proteins by damaging Fe-S clusters in cytoplasmic hydratases.

    A significant drop in metabolic reserves was noted in cupric sulfate treated snails. Free amino acid levels dropped and the lactate level increased. The effects of copper treatment on rates of metabolite oxidation and ammonia production in the presence of exogenously added alpha-ketoglutarate were evaluated. A 92% drop in alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, a 33% drop in alanine aminotransferase, and a 78% rise in glucose 6-phosphatase were recorded. Molluscicidal activity of copper was due to a metabolic block in the tricarboxylic acid cycle at the alpha-ketoglutarate level.

    PMID:3559915 Babu GR, Rao PV; J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 7 (3): 29-34 (1987)

    ACUTE IV INFUSION OF 300 MG COPPER SULFATE IN CONSCIOUS SHEEP CAUSED AN INCREASE FROM 10.3 TO 22.5 TORR IN MEAN PULMONARY ARTERY PRESSURE & PULMONARY ARTERY WEDGE PRESSURE FROM 3.5 TO 7.6 TORR, WHEREAS SYSTEMIC ARTERIAL PRESSURE INCREASED FROM 95 TO 102 TORR. CARDIAC OUTPUT DECREASED FROM 4.7 TO 3.3 L/MIN. PULMONARY VASCULAR RESISTANCE & SYSTEMIC VASCULAR RESISTANCE INCREASED TO 320 & 160% OF BASE LINE, RESPECTIVELY. THIS PULMONARY HYPERTENSION WAS PRODUCED BY STIMULATION OF THE ALPHA-ADRENERGIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.

    PMID:6271712 AHMED T ET AL; J APPL PHYSIOL 51 (5): 1204-13 (1981)

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