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1. D-glc
2. D-glucopyranose
3. D-glucopyranoside
4. Glc
5. Glucopyranose
6. Glucopyranoside
7. Glucose
8. 2280-44-6
9. Grape Sugar
10. D-glcp
11. (3r,4s,5s,6r)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol
12. Traubenzucker
13. Glucose Solution
14. Dextrose Solution
15. Chebi:4167
16. Corn Sugar
17. Glucopyranose, D-
18. 54-17-1
19. (3r,4s,5s,6r)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2h-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetraol
20. Dsstox_cid_2910
21. Rel-(3r,4s,5s,6r)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2h-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetraol
22. Glucodin
23. Goldsugar
24. Meritose
25. Vadex
26. Clintose L
27. Cpc Hydrate
28. Roferose St
29. A-d-glucose
30. Clearsweet 95
31. A-d-glucopyranose
32. Staleydex 95m
33. Staleydex 111
34. (+)-glucose
35. Cerelose 2001
36. Tabfine 097(hs)
37. 2h-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetraol
38. D-glucopyranose, Anhydrous
39. Glc-ring
40. Cartose Cerelose
41. D-glucose-ring
42. Glucose Injection
43. Glucose 40
44. Staleydex 130
45. Einecs 218-914-5
46. Glc-oh
47. Meritose 200
48. Nchembio867-comp4
49. Dextrose, Unspecified
50. Glucose (jp17)
51. Starbld0000491
52. 6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-2,3,4,5-tetraol
53. Anhydrous Glucose ,(s)
54. Glucose, Unspecified Form
55. Dextrose, Unspecified Form
56. Purified Glucose (jp17)
57. Epitope Id:142342
58. D-(+)-dextrose
59. Dsstox_rid_76784
60. Dsstox_rid_82925
61. Dsstox_gsid_22910
62. Dsstox_gsid_48729
63. Gtpl4536
64. Chembl1222250
65. Bdbm34103
66. Dtxsid501015215
67. Dtxsid901015217
68. Tox21_113165
69. Tox21_200145
70. Akos025147374
71. Nsc 287045
72. Cas-50-99-7
73. Ncgc00166293-01
74. Ncgc00257699-01
75. Bs-48662
76. Cas-58367-01-4
77. G0048
78. (3r,4s,5s,6r)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-
79. C00031
80. D00009
81. F71542
82. Q37525
83. Q23905964
84. N_full/o_full_10000000000000_gs_656
85. D-glucose (closed Ring Structure, Complete Stereochemistry)
86. Wurcs=2.0/1,1,0/[a2122h-1x_1-5]/1/
| Molecular Weight | 180.16 g/mol |
|---|---|
| Molecular Formula | C6H12O6 |
| XLogP3 | -2.6 |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 5 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 6 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 1 |
| Exact Mass | 180.06338810 g/mol |
| Monoisotopic Mass | 180.06338810 g/mol |
| Topological Polar Surface Area | 110 Ų |
| Heavy Atom Count | 12 |
| Formal Charge | 0 |
| Complexity | 151 |
| Isotope Atom Count | 0 |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 4 |
| Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count | 1 |
| Defined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Covalently Bonded Unit Count | 1 |
Glucose pharmaceutical formulations (oral tablets, injections) are indicated for caloric supply and carbohydrate supplementation in case of nutrient deprivation. It is also used in metabolic disorders such as hypoglycemia.
Blood glucose is an obligatory energy source in humans involved in various cellular activities, and it also acts as a signalling molecule for diverse glucose-sensing molecules and proteins. Glucose undergoes oxidation into carbon dioxide, water and yields energy molecules in the process of glycolysis and subsequent citric cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose is readily converted into fat in the body which can be used as a source of energy as required. Under a similar conversion into storage of energy, glucose is stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen. Glucose stores are mobilized in a regulated manner, depending on the tissues' metabolic demands. Oral glucose tablets or injections serve to increase the supply of glucose and oral glucose administration is more effective in stimulating insulin secretion because it stimulates the incretin hormones from the gut, which promotes insulin secretion.
B - Blood and blood forming organs
B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions
B05C - Irrigating solutions
B05CX - Other irrigating solutions
B05CX01 - Glucose
V - Various
V04 - Diagnostic agents
V04C - Other diagnostic agents
V04CA - Tests for diabetes
V04CA02 - Glucose
V - Various
V06 - General nutrients
V06D - Other nutrients
V06DC - Carbohydrates
V06DC01 - Glucose
Absorption
Polysaccharides can be broken down into smaller units by pancreatic and intestinal glycosidases or intestinal flora. Sodium-dependent glucose transporter SGLT1 and GLUT2 (SLC2A2) play predominant roles in intestinal transport of glucose into the circulation. SGLT1 is located in the apical membrane of the intestinal wall while GLUT2 is located in the basolateral membrane, but it was proposed that GLUT2 can be recruited into the apical membrane after a high luminal glucose bolus allowing bulk absorption of glucose by facilitated diffusion. Oral preparation of glucose reaches the peak concentration within 40 minutes and the intravenous infusions display 100% bioavailability.
Route of Elimination
Glucose can be renally excreted.
Volume of Distribution
The mean volume of distribution after intravenous infusion is 10.6L.
Clearance
The mean metabolic clearance rate of glucose (MCR) for the 10 subjects studied at the higher insulin level was 2.27 0.37 ml/kg/min at euglycemia and fell to 1.510.21 ml/kg/ at hyperglycemia. The mean MCR for the six subjects studied at the lower insulin level was 1.91 0.31 ml/kg/min at euglyglycemia.
Glucose can undergo aerobic oxidation in conjunction to the synthesis of energy molecules. Glycolysis is the initial stage of glucose metabolism where one glucose molecule is degraded into 2 molecules of pyruvate via substrate-level phosphorylation. These products are transported to the mitochondria where they are further oxidized into oxygen and carbon dioxide.
The approximate half-life is 14.3 minutes following intravenous infusion. Gut glucose half-life was markedly higher in females (79 2 min) than in males (65 3 min, P < 0.0001) and negatively related to body height (r = -0.481; P < 0.0001).
Glucose supplies most of the energy to all tissues by generating energy molecules ATP and NADH during a series of metabolism reactions called glycolysis. Glycolysis can be divided into 2 main phases where the preparatory phase is initiated by the phosphorylation of glucose by a hexokinase to form glucose 6-phosphate. The addition of the high-energy phosphate group activates glucose for subsequent breakdown in later steps of glycolysis and is the rate-limiting step. Products end up as substrates for following reactions, to ultimately convert C6 glucose molecule into two C3 sugar molecules. These products enter the energy-releasing phase where total of 4ATP and 2NADH molecules are generated per one glucose molecule. The total aerobic metabolism of glucose can produce up to 36 ATP molecules. This energy-producing reactions of glucose is limited to D-glucose as L-glucose cannot be phosphorlyated by hexokinase. Glucose can act as precursors to generate other biomolecules such as vitamin C. It plays a role as a signaling molecule to control glucose and energy homeostasis. Glucose can regulate gene transcription, enzyme activity, hormone secretion, and the activity of glucoregulatory neurons. The types, number and kinetics of glucose transporters expressed depends on the tissues and fine-tunes glucose uptake, metabolism, and signal generation in order to preserve cellular and whole body metabolic integrity.
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