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Also known as: Glycyrrizin, Liquorice, Beta-glycyrrhizin, Nsc167409, Glycyrrhitin, Glycyrrhizinate
Molecular Formula
C42H62O16
Molecular Weight
822.9  g/mol
InChI Key
LPLVUJXQOOQHMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Glycrrhizin
A widely used anti-inflammatory agent isolated from the licorice root. It is metabolized to GLYCYRRHETINIC ACID, which inhibits 11-BETA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES and other enzymes involved in the metabolism of CORTICOSTEROIDS. Therefore, glycyrrhizic acid, which is the main and sweet component of licorice, has been investigated for its ability to cause hypermineralocorticoidism with sodium retention and potassium loss, edema, increased blood pressure, as well as depression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
1 2D Structure

Glycrrhizin

2 Identification
2.1 Computed Descriptors
2.1.1 IUPAC Name
6-[6-carboxy-2-[(11-carboxy-4,4,6a,6b,8a,11,14b-heptamethyl-14-oxo-2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,12a,14a-dodecahydro-1H-picen-3-yl)oxy]-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid
2.1.2 InChI
InChI=1S/C42H62O16/c1-37(2)21-8-11-42(7)31(20(43)16-18-19-17-39(4,36(53)54)13-12-38(19,3)14-15-41(18,42)6)40(21,5)10-9-22(37)55-35-30(26(47)25(46)29(57-35)33(51)52)58-34-27(48)23(44)24(45)28(56-34)32(49)50/h16,19,21-31,34-35,44-48H,8-15,17H2,1-7H3,(H,49,50)(H,51,52)(H,53,54)
2.1.3 InChI Key
LPLVUJXQOOQHMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
2.1.4 Canonical SMILES
CC1(C2CCC3(C(C2(CCC1OC4C(C(C(C(O4)C(=O)O)O)O)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)C(=O)O)O)O)O)C)C(=O)C=C6C3(CCC7(C6CC(CC7)(C)C(=O)O)C)C)C)C
2.2 Synonyms
2.2.1 MeSH Synonyms

1. Acid, Glycyrrhizic

2. Acid, Glycyrrhizinic

3. Diammonium Glycyrrhizinate

4. Dipotassium Glycyrrhizinate

5. Glycyrrhizate, Zinc

6. Glycyrrhizic Acid

7. Glycyrrhizinate, Diammonium

8. Glycyrrhizinate, Dipotassium

9. Glycyrrhizinic Acid

10. Zinc Glycyrrhizate

2.2.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

1. Glycyrrizin

2. Liquorice

3. Beta-glycyrrhizin

4. Nsc167409

5. Glycyrrhitin

6. Glycyrrhizinate

7. Dermacrin

8. Rizinsan K2 A2 (free Acid)

9. 6-((6-carboxy-2-((11-carboxy-4,4,6a,6b,8a,11,14b-heptamethyl-14-oxo-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,8a,9,10,11,12,12a,14,14a,14b-icosahydropicen-3-yl)oxy)-4,5-dihydroxytetrahydro-2h-pyran-3-yl)oxy)-3,4,5-trihydroxytetrahydro-2h-pyran-2-carboxylic Acid

10. 29-hydroxy-11,29-dioxoolean-12-en-3-yl 2-o-hexopyranuronosylhexopyranosiduronic Acid

11. Glycrrhizin

12. Mfcd00065194

13. Glycyrrhizin, Jan

14. .alpha.-d-glucopyranosiduronic Acid,20.beta.)-20-carboxy-11-oxo-30-norolean-12-en-3-yl 2-o-.beta.-d-glucopyranuronosyl-

15. Chembl3188637

16. Schembl21424347

17. Dtxsid50859641

18. Nsc234419

19. Sy017548

20. Db-042522

21. Cs-0291800

22. Ft-0602820

23. Glycyrrhetic Acid 3-o-[b-d-glucuronopyranosyl-(1->2)-a-d-glucuronopyranoside]

2.3 Create Date
2005-03-25
3 Chemical and Physical Properties
Molecular Weight 822.9 g/mol
Molecular Formula C42H62O16
XLogP33.7
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count8
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count16
Rotatable Bond Count7
Exact Mass822.40378589 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass822.40378589 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area267 Ų
Heavy Atom Count58
Formal Charge0
Complexity1730
Isotope Atom Count0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count19
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count0
Covalently Bonded Unit Count1
4 Drug and Medication Information
4.1 Therapeutic Uses

DEMULCENT, MILD LAXATIVE; EXPECTORANT; USED TO DISGUISE TASTE OF MEDICATIONS

Arena, J.M. Poisoning: Toxicology-Symptoms Treatments. Third Edition. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1974., p. 575


SNMC (stronger Neominophagen C), whose active component is glycyrrhizin (a saponin extracted from licorice) has been utilized to improve the liver function in Japan. To assess the effectiveness of interferon (IFN), stronger Neominophagen C combination therapy in patients, who did not respond to interferon therapy alone, we investigate 28 patients with histology of CAH 2B at 12 weeks after interferon administration. 15 patients received interferon alone continuously (group A), and 13 patients received interferon with stronger Neominophagen C (group B) for 12 weeks thereafter. Normalization of serum ALT level was observed in 33.3% of group A and in 64.3% of group B. Disappearance of serum HVC RNA was 13.3% in group A and 38.5% in group B. But these data were not significant statistically. Histological improvement was not significant, between group A and B by Knodel's HAI score, but reversal of histological grade (Europe classification) was noted more frequently in group B. A case of post transfusion hepatitis type C, exacerbated by interferon therapy is reported. HLA class I antigen was strongly expressed in the liver tissue after administration of interferon. In this case, potentiation of cellular immunity was thought to be the cause of the exacerbation and interferon, stronger Neominophagen C combination therapy was useful in improving liver function.

PMID:7521424 Abe Y et al; Nippon Rinsho 52 (7): 1817-22 (1994)


Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), a Mediterranean plant, has been used as an antidote, demulcent, and elixir folk medicine for generations in China. The main water-soluble constituent of licorice is glycyrrhizin (GL), which has been shown to possess several pharmacological properties. In this study, we show that oral feeding of glycyrrhizin to Sencar mice resulted in substantial protection against skin tumorigenesis caused by 7,12-dimethyl-benz [a]anthracene (DMBA) initiation and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) promotion. The latent period prior to the onset of tumor development was considerably prolonged in glycyrrhizin-fed animals compared with animals not fed glycyrrhizin and resulted in significant decrease in the number of tumors per mouse, during and at the termination of the experiment. Oral feeding of glycyrrhizin in drinking water also resulted in inhibition in the binding of topically applied [3H]benzo[a]pyrene and [3H]DMBA to epidermal DNA. The possible mechanism(s) of the antitumor-initiating activity may be due to the involvement of glycyrrhizin as inhibitor of the carcinogen metabolism followed by DNA adduct formation. Our results suggest that glycyrrhizin possesses considerable antitumorigenic activity and could prove useful in protecting some forms of human cancer.

PMID:1907733 Agarwal R et al; Nutr Cancer 15 (3-4): 187-93 (1991)


Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurs in patients with hepatitis C virus-RNA positive chronic liver disease. It is important to prevent Hepatocellular carcinoma with drug administration. METHODS: A retrospective study was undertaken to evaluate the long term preventive effect of Stronger Neo-Minophagen C (SNMC) on Hepatocellular carcinoma development. Stronger Neo-Minophagen C is a Japanese medicine that is commonly administered to patients with chronic hepatitis C to improve the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level. Of 453 patients diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C retrospectively in the study hospital between January 1979 and April 1984, 84 patients (Group A) had been treated with Stronger Neo-Minophagen C; Stronger Neo-Minophagen C was given at a dose of 100 mL daily for 8 weeks, then 2-7 times a week for 2-16 years (median, 10.1 years). Another group of 109 patients (Group B) could not be treated with Stronger Neo-Minophagen C or interferon for a long period of time (median, 9.2 years) and were given other herbal medicine (such as vitamin K). The patients were retrospectively monitored, and the cumulative incidence of Hepatocellular carcinoma and risk factors for Hepatocellular carcinoma were examined. RESULTS: The 10th-year rates of cumulative Hepatocellular carcinoma incidence for Groups A and B were 7% and 12%, respectively, and the 15th-year rates were 12% and 25%. By Cox regression analysis, the relative risk of Hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in patients not treated with Stronger Neo-Minophagen C (Group B) was 2.49 compared with that of patients treated with Stronger Neo-Minophagen C (Group A). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, long term administration of Stronger Neo-Minophagen C in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C was effective in preventing liver carcinogenesis.

PMID:9118029 Arase Y et al; Cancer 79 (8): 1494-500 (1997)


For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for GLYCYRRHIZIN (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.


5 Pharmacology and Biochemistry
5.1 MeSH Pharmacological Classification

Anti-Inflammatory Agents

Substances that reduce or suppress INFLAMMATION. (See all compounds classified as Anti-Inflammatory Agents.)


5.2 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

GLYCYRRHIZIN WAS ABSORBED IN RAT SMALL INTESTINE; THERE WAS NO DETECTABLE AMT OF GLYCYRRHETINIC ACID IN BLOOD AFTER BOLUS INJECTION OF GLYCYRRHIZIN INTO PORTAL VEIN; GLYCYRRHETINIC ACID WAS PRESENT IN DETECTABLE AMT IN BLOOD AFTER ORAL ADMIN.

SAKIYA ET AL; CHEM PHARM BULL 27(5) 1125 (1979)


Glycyrrhizic acid (GZA) and glycyrrhetinic acid (GRA) can be determined rapidly and precisely by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in biological fluids and tissues from experimental animals and humans. From plasma and tissues, glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid are extracted by organic solvents and the extracts can directly be used for HPLC. From bile or urine, extraction and determination of glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid are more difficult due to interfering endogenous compounds and conjugation of glycyrrhetinic acid with glucuronides or sulfates. Extraction of glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid from urine or bile can be performed by ion-pairing followed by extraction with organic solvents or by solid phase extraction. Glycyrrhetinic acid conjugates can be determined by chromatographic separation or by pretreatment with beta-glucuronidase. The pharmacokinetics of glycyrrhetinic acid and glycyrrhizic acid can be described by a biphasic elimination from the central compartment with a dose-dependent second elimination phase. Depending on the dose, the second elimination phase in humans has a half-life of 3.5 hours for glycyrrhizic acid and between 10-30 hours for glycyrrhetinic acid. The major part of both glycyrrhetinic acid or glycyrrhizic acid is eliminated by the bile. While glycyrrhizic acid can be eliminated unmetabolized and undergoes enterohepatic cycling, Glycyrrhetinic acid is conjugated to glycyrrhetinic acid glucuronide or sulfate prior to biliary excretion. Orally administered glycyrrhizic acid is almost completely hydrolyzed by intestinal bacteria and reaches the systemic circulation as glycyrrhetinic acid.

PMID:8191540 Krahenbuhl S et al; Steroids 59 (2): 121-6 (1994)


Glycyrrhizic acid is currently of clinical interest for treatment of chronic hepatitis. It is also applied as a sweetener in food products and chewing tobacco. In some highly exposed subgroups of the population, serious side effects such as hypertension and electrolyte disturbances have been reported. In order to analyze the health risks of exposure to this compound, the kinetics of glycyrrhizic acid and its active metabolites were evaluated quantitatively. Glycyrrhizic acid and its metabolites are subject to complex kinetic processes, including enterohepatic cycling and presystemic metabolism. In humans, detailed information on these processes is often difficult to obtain. Therefore, a model was developed that describes the systemic and gastrointestinal tract kinetics of glycyrrhizic acid and its active metabolite glycyrrhetic acid in rats. Due to the physiologically based structure of the model, data from earlier in vitro and in vivo studies on absorption, enterohepatic cycling, and presystemic metabolism could be incorporated directly. The model demonstrates that glycyrrhizic acid and metabolites are transported efficiently from plasma to the bile, possibly by the hepatic transfer protein 3-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Bacterial hydrolysis of the biliary excreted metabolites following reuptake of glycyrrhetic acid causes the observed delay in the terminal plasma clearance of glycyrrhetic acid. These mechanistic findings, derived from analysis of experimental data through physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling, can eventually be used for a quantitative health risk assessment of human exposure to glycyrrhizic acid containing products. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.

PMID:10652246 Ploeger BA et al; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 162 (3): 177-88 (2000)


To assess the multiplicity for the biliary excretion of xenobiotic conjugates, glycyrrhizic acid (glycyrrhizin) was studied in rats after intravenous (IV) injection of 10 mg/kg glycyrrhizic acid and IV infusion of inhibitors, dibromosulfophthalein and indocyanine green. Indocyanine green did not affect the biliary excretion of glycyrrhizic acid, whereas dibromosulfophthalein reduced it significantly. The plasma level of glycyrrhizic acid was increased by dibromosulfophthalein, but not by indocyanine green. In Eisai hyperbilirubinemic rats, the biliary excretion of glycyrrhizic acid was severely impaired, resulting in an increased plasma level. The findings suggested that the biliary excretion of glycyrrhizic acid is mediated by the system shared by liquiritigenin glucuronides and dibromosulfophthalein, but not by indocyanine green, and that the system is hereditarily defective in Eisai hyperbilirubinemic rats.

PMID:8987080 Shimamura H et al; Pharm Res 13 (Dec): 1833-7 (1996)


5.3 Metabolism/Metabolites

BOLUS INJECTION OF GLYCYRRHIZIN GIVEN RATS IN PORTAL VEIN, GAVE RISE IN BLOOD LEVEL OF SUBSTANCE WHICH APPEARS TO BE GLUCURONIC ACID CONJUGATE FORMED AS METABOLITE OF GLYCYRRHETINIC ACID.

SAKIYA ET AL; CHEM PHARM BULL 27(5) 1125 (1979)


5.4 Mechanism of Action

GLYCYRRHIZIC ACID & ITS DERIVATIVES SHOWED PRONOUNCED ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTION, INHIBITED DEVELOPMENT OF HISTAMINE-, SEROTONIN-, BRADKININ-, & FORMALIN-INDUCED EDEMA, & DECR VASCULAR PERMEABILITY.

NASYROV KM ET AL; FARMAKOL TOKSIKOL (MOSCOW) 43(4) 399 (1980)


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ABOUT THIS PAGE

Glycrrhizin Manufacturers

A Glycrrhizin manufacturer is defined as any person or entity involved in the manufacture, preparation, processing, compounding or propagation of Glycrrhizin, including repackagers and relabelers. The FDA regulates Glycrrhizin manufacturers to ensure that their products comply with relevant laws and regulations and are safe and effective to use. Glycrrhizin API Manufacturers are required to adhere to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) to ensure that their products are consistently manufactured to meet established quality criteria.

click here to find a list of Glycrrhizin manufacturers with USDMF, JDMF, KDMF, CEP, GMP, COA and API Price related information on PhamaCompass.

Glycrrhizin Suppliers

A Glycrrhizin supplier is an individual or a company that provides Glycrrhizin active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) or Glycrrhizin finished formulations upon request. The Glycrrhizin suppliers may include Glycrrhizin API manufacturers, exporters, distributors and traders.

click here to find a list of Glycrrhizin suppliers with USDMF, JDMF, KDMF, CEP, GMP, COA and API Price related information on PharmaCompass.

Glycrrhizin JDMF

The Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) established the Japan Drug Master File (JDMF), also known as the Master File (MF), to permit Japanese and foreign manufacturers of drug substances, intermediates, excipients, raw materials, and packaging materials (‘Products’) to voluntarily register confidential information about the production and management of their products in Japan.

The Glycrrhizin Drug Master File in Japan (Glycrrhizin JDMF) empowers Glycrrhizin API manufacturers to present comprehensive information (e.g., production methods, data, etc.) to the review authority, i.e., PMDA (Pharmaceuticals & Medical Devices Agency).

PMDA reviews the Glycrrhizin JDMF during the approval evaluation for pharmaceutical products. At the time of Glycrrhizin JDMF registration, PMDA checks if the format is accurate, if the necessary items have been included (application), and if data has been attached.

click here to find a list of Glycrrhizin suppliers with JDMF on PharmaCompass.

Glycrrhizin GMP

Glycrrhizin Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is produced in GMP-certified manufacturing facility.

GMP stands for Good Manufacturing Practices, which is a system used in the pharmaceutical industry to make sure that goods are regularly produced and monitored in accordance with quality standards. The FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practices requirements are referred to as cGMP or current GMP which indicates that the company follows the most recent GMP specifications. The World Health Organization (WHO) has its own set of GMP guidelines, called the WHO GMP. Different countries can also set their own guidelines for GMP like China (Chinese GMP) or the EU (EU GMP).

PharmaCompass offers a list of Glycrrhizin GMP manufacturers, exporters & distributors, which can be sorted by USDMF, JDMF, KDMF, CEP (COS), WC, API price, and more, enabling you to easily find the right Glycrrhizin GMP manufacturer or Glycrrhizin GMP API supplier for your needs.

Glycrrhizin CoA

A Glycrrhizin CoA (Certificate of Analysis) is a formal document that attests to Glycrrhizin's compliance with Glycrrhizin specifications and serves as a tool for batch-level quality control.

Glycrrhizin CoA mostly includes findings from lab analyses of a specific batch. For each Glycrrhizin CoA document that a company creates, the USFDA specifies specific requirements, such as supplier information, material identification, transportation data, evidence of conformity and signature data.

Glycrrhizin may be tested according to a variety of international standards, such as European Pharmacopoeia (Glycrrhizin EP), Glycrrhizin JP (Japanese Pharmacopeia) and the US Pharmacopoeia (Glycrrhizin USP).

Inform the supplier about your product requirements, specifying if you need a product with particular monograph like EP (Ph. Eur.), USP, JP, BP, or any other quality. In addition, clarify whether you need hydrochloride (HCl), anhydricum, base, micronisatum or a specific level of purity. To find reputable suppliers, utilize the filters and select those certified by GMP, FDA, or any other certification as per your requirement.
For your convenience, we have listed synonyms and CAS numbers to help you find the best supplier. The use of synonyms and CAS numbers can be helpful in identifying potential suppliers, but it is crucial to note that they might not always indicate the exact same product. It is important to confirm the product details with the supplier before making a purchase to ensure that it meets your requirements.
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