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Chemistry

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Also known as: Linzess, 851199-59-2, Chebi:68551, Md-1100, Constella, Cys cys glu tyr cys cys asn pro ala cys thr gly cys tyr (disulfide bridge: 1-6; 2-10; 5-13)
Molecular Formula
C59H79N15O21S6
Molecular Weight
1526.8  g/mol
InChI Key
KXGCNMMJRFDFNR-WDRJZQOASA-N

Linaclotide
Linaclotide is a synthetic, fourteen amino acid peptide and agonist of intestinal guanylate cyclase type C (GC-C), which is structurally related to the guanylin peptide family, with secretagogue, analgesic and laxative activities. Upon oral administration, linaclotide binds to and activates GC-C receptors located on the luminal surface of the intestinal epithelium. This increases the concentration of intracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which is derived from guanosine triphosphate (GTP). cGMP activates the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and stimulates the secretion of chloride and bicarbonate into the intestinal lumen. This promotes sodium excretion into the lumen and results in increased intestinal fluid secretion. This ultimately accelerates GI transit of intestinal contents, improves bowel movement and relieves constipation. Increased extracellular cGMP levels may also exert an antinociceptive effect, through an as of yet not fully elucidated mechanism, that may involve modulation of nociceptors found on colonic afferent pain fibers. Linaclotide is minimally absorbed from the GI tract.
1 2D Structure

Linaclotide

2 Identification
2.1 Computed Descriptors
2.1.1 IUPAC Name
(2S)-2-[[(1R,4S,7S,13S,16R,21R,24R,27S,30S,33R,38R,44S)-21-amino-13-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-27-(2-carboxyethyl)-44-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-30-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-4-methyl-3,6,12,15,22,25,28,31,40,43,46,51-dodecaoxo-18,19,35,36,48,49-hexathia-2,5,11,14,23,26,29,32,39,42,45,52-dodecazatetracyclo[22.22.4.216,33.07,11]dopentacontane-38-carbonyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid
2.1.2 InChI
InChI=1S/C59H79N15O21S6/c1-26-47(82)69-41-25-101-99-22-38-52(87)65-33(13-14-45(80)81)49(84)66-34(16-28-5-9-30(76)10-6-28)50(85)71-40(54(89)72-39(23-97-96-20-32(60)48(83)70-38)53(88)67-35(18-43(61)78)58(93)74-15-3-4-42(74)56(91)63-26)24-100-98-21-37(64-44(79)19-62-57(92)46(27(2)75)73-55(41)90)51(86)68-36(59(94)95)17-29-7-11-31(77)12-8-29/h5-12,26-27,32-42,46,75-77H,3-4,13-25,60H2,1-2H3,(H2,61,78)(H,62,92)(H,63,91)(H,64,79)(H,65,87)(H,66,84)(H,67,88)(H,68,86)(H,69,82)(H,70,83)(H,71,85)(H,72,89)(H,73,90)(H,80,81)(H,94,95)/t26-,27+,32-,33-,34-,35-,36-,37-,38-,39-,40-,41-,42-,46-/m0/s1
2.1.3 InChI Key
KXGCNMMJRFDFNR-WDRJZQOASA-N
2.1.4 Canonical SMILES
CC1C(=O)NC2CSSCC3C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(CSSCC(NC(=O)CNC(=O)C(NC2=O)C(C)O)C(=O)NC(CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)C(=O)O)C(=O)NC(CSSCC(C(=O)N3)N)C(=O)NC(C(=O)N5CCCC5C(=O)N1)CC(=O)N)CC6=CC=C(C=C6)O)CCC(=O)O
2.1.5 Isomeric SMILES
C[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@H]2CSSC[C@H]3C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CSSC[C@H](NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@@H](NC2=O)[C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)C(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CSSC[C@@H](C(=O)N3)N)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N5CCC[C@H]5C(=O)N1)CC(=O)N)CC6=CC=C(C=C6)O)CCC(=O)O
2.2 Synonyms
2.2.1 MeSH Synonyms

1. Asp-0456

2. Asp0456

3. Linaclotide Acetate

4. Linzess

5. Md-1100

6. Md-1100 Acetate

2.2.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

1. Linzess

2. 851199-59-2

3. Chebi:68551

4. Md-1100

5. Constella

6. Cys Cys Glu Tyr Cys Cys Asn Pro Ala Cys Thr Gly Cys Tyr (disulfide Bridge: 1-6; 2-10; 5-13)

7. Unii-n0txr0xr5x

8. Linaclotide [usan:inn]

9. Hsdb 8224

10. Asp0456

11. Constella (tn)

12. Asp 0456

13. Asp-0456

14. Linzess (tn)

15. Linzess Ammonium Salt

16. Linaclotide Ammonium Salt

17. Linaclotide (jan/usan)

18. N0txr0xr5x

19. Gtpl5017

20. Chembl3301675

21. Schembl13114620

22. Dtxsid90234256

23. Glxc-13151

24. Ex-a6257

25. Db08890

26. Ncgc00389841-01

27. L-tyrosine, L-cysteinyl-l-cysteinyl-l-alpha-glutamyl-l-tyrosyl-l-cysteinyl-l-cysteinyl-l-asparaginyl-l-prolyl-l-alanyl-l-cysteinyl-l-threonylglycyl-l-cysteinyl-, Cyclic (1->6),(2->10),(5->13)-tris(disulfide)

28. D09355

29. Q3832559

30. L-cysteinyl-l-cysteinyl-l-alpha-glutamyl-l-tyrosyl-l-cysteinyl-l-cysteinyl-l-asparaginyl-l-prolyl-l-alanyl-l-cysteinyl-l-threonylglycyl-l-cysteinyl-l-tyrosine Cyclic (1->6),(2->10),(5->13)-tris(disulfide)

2.3 Create Date
2007-07-04
3 Chemical and Physical Properties
Molecular Weight 1526.8 g/mol
Molecular Formula C59H79N15O21S6
XLogP3-6.8
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count19
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count28
Rotatable Bond Count13
Exact Mass1525.3899216 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass1525.3899216 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area726 Ų
Heavy Atom Count101
Formal Charge0
Complexity3030
Isotope Atom Count0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count14
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count0
Covalently Bonded Unit Count1
4 Drug and Medication Information
4.1 Drug Information
1 of 2  
Drug NameLinzess
PubMed HealthLinaclotide (By mouth)
Drug ClassesGastrointestinal Agent
Drug LabelLINZESS (linaclotide) is a guanylate cyclase-C agonist. Linaclotide is a 14-amino acid peptide with the following chemical name: L-cysteinyl-L-cysteinyl-L-glutamyl-L-tyrosyl-L-cysteinyl-L-cysteinyl-L-asparaginyl-L-prolyl-L-alanyl-L-cysteinyl-L-threon...
Active IngredientLinaclotide
Dosage FormCapsule
RouteOral
Strength290mcg; 145mcg
Market StatusPrescription
CompanyForest Labs

2 of 2  
Drug NameLinzess
PubMed HealthLinaclotide (By mouth)
Drug ClassesGastrointestinal Agent
Drug LabelLINZESS (linaclotide) is a guanylate cyclase-C agonist. Linaclotide is a 14-amino acid peptide with the following chemical name: L-cysteinyl-L-cysteinyl-L-glutamyl-L-tyrosyl-L-cysteinyl-L-cysteinyl-L-asparaginyl-L-prolyl-L-alanyl-L-cysteinyl-L-threon...
Active IngredientLinaclotide
Dosage FormCapsule
RouteOral
Strength290mcg; 145mcg
Market StatusPrescription
CompanyForest Labs

4.2 Therapeutic Uses

Linzess (linaclotide) is indicated in adults for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C). /Included in US product label/

NIH; DailyMed. Current Medication Information for Linzess (Linaclotide) Capsule, Gelatin Coated (Revised: July 2014). Available from, as of March 19, 2015: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=09beda19-56d6-4a56-afdc-9a77b70b2ef3


Linzess is indicated in adults for the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC). /Included in US product label/

NIH; DailyMed. Current Medication Information for Linzess (Linaclotide) Capsule, Gelatin Coated (Revised: July 2014). Available from, as of March 19, 2015: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=09beda19-56d6-4a56-afdc-9a77b70b2ef3


4.3 Drug Warning

/BOXED WARNING/ WARNING: PEDIATRIC RISK. Linzess is contraindicated in pediatric patients up to 6 years of age; in nonclinical studies, administration of a single, clinically relevant adult oral dose of linaclotide caused deaths due to dehydration in young juvenile mice. Avoid use of Linzess in pediatric patients 6 through 17 years of age. The safety and efficacy of Linzess has not been established in pediatric patients under 18 years of age.

NIH; DailyMed. Current Medication Information for Linzess (Linaclotide) Capsule, Gelatin Coated (Revised: July 2014). Available from, as of March 19, 2015: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=09beda19-56d6-4a56-afdc-9a77b70b2ef3


Linaclotide is contraindicated in infants and children younger than 6 years of age and should be avoided in children and adolescents 6-17 years of age. Safety and efficacy of linaclotide in pediatric patients have not been established, and the drug has caused deaths in toxicology studies in juvenile mice 1-3 weeks of age (approximately equivalent to infants younger than 2 years of age). The deaths in young juvenile mice occurred following 1 or 2 doses of linaclotide 10 ug/kg administered once daily beginning on postnatal day 7, single oral doses of 100 ug/kg on day 14, and single oral doses of 600 ug/kg on day 21. Although no deaths occurred in juvenile mice 6 weeks of age (approximately equivalent to adolescents 12-17 years of age) receiving linaclotide 20,000 ug/kg daily for 28 days, use of the drug in children and adolescents 6-17 years of age should be avoided because of the deaths reported in younger mice and the lack of safety and efficacy data in pediatric patients.1 No data are available for mice between 3 and 6 weeks of age.

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2015; Drug Information 2015. Bethesda, MD. 2015, p. 2988


Severe diarrhea was reported in clinical trials in 2% of patients receiving linaclotide for treatment of either irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) with constipation or chronic idiopathic constipation. If severe diarrhea occurs, treatment with the drug should be interrupted or discontinued.

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2015; Drug Information 2015. Bethesda, MD. 2015, p. 2988


It is not known whether linaclotide is distributed into human milk. Although plasma concentrations of linaclotide and its active metabolite are not measurable following oral administration at recommended dosages, caution is advised when linaclotide is administered to nursing women.

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2015; Drug Information 2015. Bethesda, MD. 2015, p. 2988


For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for Linaclotide (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.


4.4 Drug Indication

Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) with constipation and chronic idiopathic constipation.


FDA Label


Constella is indicated for the symptomatic treatment of moderate to severe irritable-bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C) in adults.


5 Pharmacology and Biochemistry
5.1 Pharmacology

Changes in the appearance and consistency of stools as measured by the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS) have been noted after taking linaclotide.


5.2 MeSH Pharmacological Classification

Guanylyl Cyclase C Agonists

Compunds that bind to and activate GUANYLYL CYCLASE-C RECEPTORS. (See all compounds classified as Guanylyl Cyclase C Agonists.)


5.3 FDA Pharmacological Classification
5.3.1 Pharmacological Classes
Guanylate Cyclase-C Agonist [EPC]; Guanylate Cyclase Activators [MoA]
5.4 ATC Code

A06AX04


A06AX04

S76 | LUXPHARMA | Pharmaceuticals Marketed in Luxembourg | Pharmaceuticals marketed in Luxembourg, as published by d'Gesondheetskeess (CNS, la caisse nationale de sante, www.cns.lu), mapped by name to structures using CompTox by R. Singh et al. (in prep.). List downloaded from https://cns.public.lu/en/legislations/textes-coordonnes/liste-med-comm.html. Dataset DOI:10.5281/zenodo.4587355


A - Alimentary tract and metabolism

A06 - Drugs for constipation

A06A - Drugs for constipation

A06AX - Other drugs for constipation

A06AX04 - Linaclotide


5.5 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

Absorption

When taken orally, linaclotide is not absorbed into the systemic. No detectable levels of linaclotide or its active metabolite were noted after doses of 125 mcg or 290 mcg were administered.


Route of Elimination

Linaclotide is eliminated fecally (3 - 5% as active metabolites). However most of the dose undergoes proteolysis (processes include reduction of disulfide bonds) in the intestine before being excreted via feces.


Volume of Distribution

Given that linaclotide plasma concentrations following therapeutic oral doses are not measurable, linaclotide is expected to be minimally distributed to tissues.


Given that linaclotide plasma concentrations following therapeutic oral doses are not measurable, linaclotide is expected to be minimally distributed to tissues.

NIH; DailyMed. Current Medication Information for Linzess (Linaclotide) Capsule, Gelatin Coated (Revised: July 2014). Available from, as of March 19, 2015: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=09beda19-56d6-4a56-afdc-9a77b70b2ef3


Active peptide recovery in the stool samples of fed and fasted subjects following the daily administration of 290 mcg of Linzess for seven days averaged about 5% (fasted) and about 3% (fed) and virtually all as the active metabolite.

NIH; DailyMed. Current Medication Information for Linzess (Linaclotide) Capsule, Gelatin Coated (Revised: July 2014). Available from, as of March 19, 2015: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=09beda19-56d6-4a56-afdc-9a77b70b2ef3


Linzess is minimally absorbed with low systemic availability following oral administration. Concentrations of linaclotide and its active metabolite in plasma are below the limit of quantitation after oral doses of 145 ug or 290 ug were administered. Therefore, standard pharmacokinetic parameters such as area under the curve (AUC), maximum concentration (Cmax), and half-life cannot be calculated.

NIH; DailyMed. Current Medication Information for Linzess (Linaclotide) Capsule, Gelatin Coated (Revised: July 2014). Available from, as of March 19, 2015: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=09beda19-56d6-4a56-afdc-9a77b70b2ef3


It is not known whether linaclotide is distributed into human milk.

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2015; Drug Information 2015. Bethesda, MD. 2015, p. 2988


For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for Linaclotide (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.


5.6 Metabolism/Metabolites

Linaclotide is metabolized within the gastrointestinal tract to its principal, active metabolite, MM-419447, by loss of the terminal tyrosine moiety. Both linaclotide and the metabolite are proteolytically degraded within the intestinal lumen to smaller peptides and naturally occurring amino acids.


The metabolism of linaclotide was investigated in a set of experiments, predominantly in rodents. Linaclotide is metabolised in the intestine by immediate break down of the disulfide bridges which prone linaclotide to further digestion by the enzymes present in the gastrointestinal environment. Several breakdown products containing 3-13 amino acids have been identified. Only one metabolite, MM-419447, was shown to be pharmacodynamic active.

European Medicines Agency (EMA), Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP), European Public Assessment Report (EPAR): Constella (Linaclotide) p.18 (2012). Available from, as of March 18, 2015: https://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Public_assessment_report/human/002490/WC500135624.pdf


Linaclotide is metabolized within the gastrointestinal tract to its principal, active metabolite by loss of the terminal tyrosine moiety. Both linaclotide and the metabolite are proteolytically degraded within the intestinal lumen to smaller peptides and naturally occurring amino acids.

NIH; DailyMed. Current Medication Information for Linzess (Linaclotide) Capsule, Gelatin Coated (Revised: July 2014). Available from, as of March 19, 2015: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=09beda19-56d6-4a56-afdc-9a77b70b2ef3


... We examined the metabolic stability of linaclotide in conditions that mimic the gastrointestinal tract and characterized the metabolite MM-419447 (CCEYCCNPACTGC), which contributes to the pharmacologic effects of linaclotide. Systemic exposure to these active peptides is low in rats and humans, and the low systemic and portal vein concentrations of linaclotide and MM-419447 observed in the rat confirmed both peptides are minimally absorbed after oral administration. Linaclotide is stable in the acidic environment of the stomach and is converted to MM-419447 in the small intestine. The disulfide bonds of both peptides are reduced in the small intestine, where they are subsequently proteolyzed and degraded. After oral administration of linaclotide, <1% of the dose was excreted as active peptide in rat feces and a mean of 3-5% in human feces; in both cases MM-419447 was the predominant peptide recovered. MM-419447 exhibits high-affinity binding in vitro to T84 cells, resulting in a significant, concentration-dependent accumulation of intracellular cyclic guanosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP). In rat models of gastrointestinal function, orally dosed MM-419447 significantly increased fluid secretion into small intestinal loops, increased intraluminal cGMP, and caused a dose-dependent acceleration in gastrointestinal transit. These results demonstrate the importance of the active metabolite in contributing to linaclotide's pharmacology.

PMID:23090647 Busby RW et al; J Pharmacol Exp Ther 344 (1): 196-206 (2013)


5.7 Biological Half-Life

Because linaclotide is not systemically absorbed, half life cannot be calculated.


Two male and two female monkeys were intravenously dosed for seven consecutive days with 15 mg/kg/day linaclotide. ... /The/ mean half life was approximately 1.5 hr on day 1 and 7 for both genders.

European Medicines Agency (EMA), Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP), European Public Assessment Report (EPAR): Constella (Linaclotide) p.19 (2012). Available from, as of March 18, 2015: https://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Public_assessment_report/human/002490/WC500135624.pdf


5.8 Mechanism of Action

Linaclotide is an agonist of guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C). Once linaclotide and its active metabolite binds to GC-C, it has local effect on the luminal surface of the intestinal epithelium. Activation of GC-C by linaclotide results in the intra- and extracellular increase of cyclic guanosine monophosphate concentrations (cGMP). This elevation of cGMP levels stimulates the secretion of chloride and bicarbonate into the intestinal lumen via activation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) ion channel. Ultimately, linaclotide helps patients with IBS (especially with constipation) as GI transit is accelerated and the release of intestinal fluid is increased. In animal models, a decrease in visceral pain after administration of linaclotide may be observed. A decrease in the activity of pain-sensing nerves occurs as a result of an increase in extracellular cGMP.


Activation of guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C) expressed predominantly on intestinal epithelial cells by guanylin, uroguanylin or the closely related GC-C agonist peptide, linaclotide, stimulates generation, and release of cyclic guanosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP). Evidence that the visceral analgesic effects of linaclotide are mediated by a novel, GC-C-dependent peripheral sensory mechanism was first demonstrated in animal models of visceral pain. Subsequent studies with uroguanylin or linaclotide have confirmed the activation of a GC-C/cGMP pathway leading to increased submucosal cGMP mediated by cGMP efflux pumps, which modulates intestinal nociceptor function resulting in peripheral analgesia. These effects can be reproduced by the addition of exogenous cGMP and support a role for GC-C/cGMP signaling in the regulation of visceral sensation, a physiological function that has not previously been linked to the GC-C/cGMP pathway. Notably, targeting the GC-C/cGMP pathway for treatment of gastrointestinal pain and abdominal sensory symptoms has now been validated in the clinic. ...

PMID:24795564 Full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3997039 Hannig G et al; Front Mol Neurosci 7: 31 (2014)


Linaclotide, a synthetic 14-amino acid peptide, is a potent and selective guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C) agonist with visceral analgesic and secretory activities. This first-in-class orally active peptide is structurally related to the guanylin peptide family, which is involved in the regulation of fluid homeostasis and bowel function of the GI tract. Both linaclotide and its active metabolite bind to GC-C and act locally on the luminal surface of the intestinal epithelium. Activation of GC-C results in an increase in both intracellular and extracellular concentrations of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Elevation in intracellular cGMP stimulates secretion of chloride and bicarbonate into the intestinal lumen, through activation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) ion channel, resulting in increased intestinal fluid and accelerated transit. Linaclotide has been shown to both accelerate GI transit and reduce intestinal pain. The linaclotide-induced reduction in visceral pain is thought to be mediated by increased extracellular cGMP, which was shown to decrease the activity of pain-sensing nerves.

Health Canada; Product Monograph for Constella (Linaclotide), Drug Identification Number (DIN): 02417162 p.12 (Date of Preparation: May 12, 2014). Available from, as of March 18, 2015: https://webprod5.hc-sc.gc.ca/dpd-bdpp/start-debuter.do?lang=eng


Linaclotide is a minimally absorbed agonist of guanylate cyclase-C (GUCY2C or GC-C) that reduces symptoms associated with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C). Little is known about the mechanism by which linaclotide reduces abdominal pain in patients with IBS-C. We determined the effects of linaclotide on colonic sensory afferents in healthy mice and those with chronic visceral hypersensitivity. We assessed pain transmission by measuring activation of dorsal horn neurons in the spinal cord in response to noxious colorectal distention. Levels of Gucy2c messenger RNA were measured in tissues from mice using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. We used human intestinal cell lines to measure release of cyclic guanosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) by linaclotide. We performed a post-hoc analysis of data from a phase III, double-blind, parallel-group study in which 805 patients with IBS-C were randomly assigned to groups given an oral placebo or 290 ug linaclotide once daily for 26 weeks. We quantified changes in IBS-C symptoms, including abdominal pain. In mice, linaclotide inhibited colonic nociceptors with greater efficacy during chronic visceral hypersensitivity. Intra-colonic administration of linaclotide reduced signaling of noxious colorectal distention to the spinal cord. The colonic mucosa, but not neurons, was found to express linaclotide's target, GC-C. The downstream effector of GC-C, cGMP, was released after administration of linaclotide and also inhibited nociceptors. The effects of linaclotide were lost in Gucy2c(-/-) mice and prevented by inhibiting cGMP transporters or removing the mucosa. During 26 weeks of linaclotide administration, a significantly greater percentage of patients (70%) had at least a 30% reduction in abdominal pain compared with patients given placebo (50%). We have identified an analgesic mechanism of linaclotide: it activates GC-C expressed on mucosal epithelial cells, resulting in the production and release of cGMP. This extracellular cGMP acts on and inhibits nociceptors, thereby reducing nociception. We also found that linaclotide reduces chronic abdominal pain in patients with IBS-C.

PMID:23958540 Castro J et al; Gastroenterology 145 (6): 1334-46.e1-11 (2013)


Linaclotide is a guanlylate cyclase-C (GC-C) receptor agonist. GC-C receptor is found in the luminal aspect of intestinal epithelium and dopamine neurons in the brain, and is a key receptor for heat-stable enterotoxins that are responsible for acute secretory diarrhea. Linaclotide is structurally related to the guanylin peptide family, which is involved in the regulation of intestinal fluid homeostasis and bowel function, and includes the hormones guanylin and uroguanlyin. Linaclotide, similarly to guanylin and uroguanylin, is able to increase intracellular concentrations of the second messenger cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) through activation of the GC-C receptor, located on the apical surface of epithelial cells throughout the intestine. The presence of intracellular cGMP triggers a signal transduction cascade that leads to the activation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) through its cGMP-dependent phosphorylation by protein kinase G II (PKG II). CFTR activation causes secretion of chloride and bicarbonate into the intestinal lumen, causing an increase in fluid secretion and acceleration of GI transit. cGMP is also transported out of the cell into the intestinal lumen and submucosa, modulating the activity of local afferent nerve fibers and causing a reduced visceral pain.

European Medicines Agency (EMA), Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP), European Public Assessment Report (EPAR): Constella (Linaclotide) p.16 (2012). Available from, as of March 18, 2015: https://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Public_assessment_report/human/002490/WC500135624.pdf


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Virtual BoothHRV Global Life Sciences - Market Expansion Leader in Pharmaceuticals.

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USV Private Limited

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Virtual BoothUSV offers custom peptide synthesis ranging from gram to multi-gram to multi-kilogram quantities.

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Omgene Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd

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Virtual BoothOmgene: R&D-based biopharmaceutical company with GMP facilities, focused on innovation and high-quality, affordable medicines.

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TAPI Technology & API Services

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Virtual BoothTAPI offers customized CDMO Solutions for API development and manufacturing services.

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Auro Peptides Limited

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Auro Peptides Limited

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Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limi...

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Co, HYDERABAD TS","customerAddress":""},{"dataSource":"API Export","activeIngredients":"","year":"2023","qtr":"Q2","strtotime":1685471400,"product":"LINACLOTIDE PELLETS 0 09 W W","address":"N\/A","city":"HYDERABAD AP.","supplier":"APOGEN REMEDIES PRIVATE LIMITED","supplierCountry":"INDIA","foreign_port":"DHAKA","customer":"M S DHAKA BANK LTD","customerCountry":"BANGLADESH","quantity":"16.00","actualQuantity":"16","unit":"KGS","unitRateFc":"2265","totalValueFC":"35900","currency":"USD","unitRateINR":184625,"date":"31-May-2023","totalValueINR":"2954000","totalValueInUsd":"35900","indian_port":"HYDERABAD AIR","hs_no":"29333990","bill_no":"0","productDescription":"API","marketType":"LESS REGULATED MARKET","country":"BANGLADESH","selfForZScoreResived":"Pellets","supplierPort":"HYDERABAD AIR","supplierAddress":"N\/A, HYDERABAD AP.","customerAddress":""},{"dataSource":"API Export","activeIngredients":"","year":"2023","qtr":"Q3","strtotime":1691692200,"product":"LINACLOTIDE(LE)","address":"MSN HOUSEPLOT NO.C-24INDUSTRIAL ESTATE SANATH NAGAR","city":"Hyderabad","supplier":"MSN LABORATORIES","supplierCountry":"INDIA","foreign_port":"NA","customer":"TO THE ORDER OF","customerCountry":"UNITED ARAB EMIRATES","quantity":"0.30","actualQuantity":"300","unit":"GMS","unitRateFc":"887.2","totalValueFC":"263157.5","currency":"USD","unitRateINR":72663.333299999998,"date":"11-Aug-2023","totalValueINR":"21798999.99","totalValueInUsd":"263157.5","indian_port":"HYDERABAD ICD","hs_no":"29379020","bill_no":"0","productDescription":"API","marketType":"LESS REGULATED MARKET","country":"UNITED ARAB EMIRATES","selfForZScoreResived":"Pharma Grade","supplierPort":"HYDERABAD ICD","supplierAddress":"MSN HOUSEPLOT NO.C-24INDUSTRIAL ESTATE SANATH NAGAR, Hyderabad","customerAddress":""},{"dataSource":"API Export","activeIngredients":"","year":"2023","qtr":"Q4","strtotime":1697567400,"product":"LINACLOTIDE PELLETS 0.09% W\/W (PHARMACOEPIAL GRADE: IN HOUSE)","address":"PLOT No. 55\/A, SY No. 321, BIOTECH PARK PHASE - III (TSIIC), KARKAPATLA (Vill),","city":"HYDERABAD TS","supplier":"APOGEN REMEDIES PRIVATE LIMITED","supplierCountry":"INDIA","foreign_port":"DHAKA","customer":"DHAKA BANK LTD","customerCountry":"BANGLADESH","quantity":"40.00","actualQuantity":"40","unit":"KGS","unitRateFc":"2265","totalValueFC":"89379.6","currency":"USD","unitRateINR":185975,"date":"18-Oct-2023","totalValueINR":"7439000","totalValueInUsd":"89379.6","indian_port":"Hyderabad Air","hs_no":"29333990","bill_no":"4722966","productDescription":"API","marketType":"LESS REGULATED MARKET","country":"BANGLADESH","selfForZScoreResived":"Pellets","supplierPort":"Hyderabad Air","supplierAddress":"PLOT No. 55\/A, SY No. 321, BIOTECH PARK PHASE - III (TSIIC), KARKAPATLA (Vill),, HYDERABAD TS","customerAddress":""},{"dataSource":"API Export","activeIngredients":"","year":"2023","qtr":"Q4","strtotime":1703701800,"product":"PLACEBO FOR LINACLOTIDE IR PELLETS 0.09W\/W","address":"A-702, THE PLATINA,,GACHIBOWLI","city":"HYDERABAD,TELANGANA","supplier":"THERALLEN PHARMA PRIVATE ","supplierCountry":"INDIA","foreign_port":"CAIRO","customer":"RAMEDA PHARMACEUTICALS INDUSTRIES","customerCountry":"EGYPT","quantity":"0.01","actualQuantity":"10","unit":"GMS","unitRateFc":"0.2","totalValueFC":"2","currency":"USD","unitRateINR":16.539999999999999,"date":"28-Dec-2023","totalValueINR":"165.4","totalValueInUsd":"2","indian_port":"Hyderabad Air","hs_no":"29420090","bill_no":"6354617","productDescription":"API","marketType":"LESS REGULATED MARKET","country":"EGYPT","selfForZScoreResived":"Pellets","supplierPort":"Hyderabad Air","supplierAddress":"A-702, THE PLATINA,,GACHIBOWLI, HYDERABAD,TELANGANA","customerAddress":""},{"dataSource":"API Export","activeIngredients":"","year":"2024","qtr":"Q2","strtotime":1715797800,"product":"LINACLOTIDE 0.09% IR PELLETS","address":"5-7-53, SANGEETHNAGAR","city":"HYDERABAD-A,P,","supplier":"PELLETS PHARMA LIMITED","supplierCountry":"INDIA","foreign_port":"CAIRO","customer":"APEX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.","customerCountry":"EGYPT","quantity":"0.20","actualQuantity":"200","unit":"GMS","unitRateFc":"6.8","totalValueFC":"1260.2","currency":"USD","unitRateINR":525.19955000000004,"date":"16-May-2024","totalValueINR":"105039.91","totalValueInUsd":"1260.2","indian_port":"Hyderabad Air","hs_no":"29420090","bill_no":"9925727","productDescription":"API","marketType":"LESS REGULATED MARKET","country":"EGYPT","selfForZScoreResived":"Pellets","supplierPort":"Hyderabad Air","supplierAddress":"5-7-53, SANGEETHNAGAR, HYDERABAD-A,P,","customerAddress":""},{"dataSource":"API Export","activeIngredients":"","year":"2024","qtr":"Q3","strtotime":1720031400,"product":"LINACLOTIDE 0.09% IR PELLETS","address":"5-7-53, SANGEETHNAGAR","city":"HYDERABAD-A,P,","supplier":"PELLETS PHARMA LIMITED","supplierCountry":"INDIA","foreign_port":"KARACHI -","customer":"PLATINUM PHARMACEUTICALS PVT. LTD,","customerCountry":"PAKISTAN","quantity":"0.25","actualQuantity":"250","unit":"GMS","unitRateFc":"7.2","totalValueFC":"1745.2","currency":"USD","unitRateINR":583.52927999999997,"date":"04-Jul-2024","totalValueINR":"145882.32","totalValueInUsd":"1745.2","indian_port":"Hyderabad Air","hs_no":"29339990","bill_no":"2172996","productDescription":"API","marketType":"LESS REGULATED MARKET","country":"PAKISTAN","selfForZScoreResived":"Pellets","supplierPort":"Hyderabad Air","supplierAddress":"5-7-53, SANGEETHNAGAR, HYDERABAD-A,P,","customerAddress":""},{"dataSource":"API Export","activeIngredients":"","year":"2024","qtr":"Q3","strtotime":1720031400,"product":"LINACLOTIDE 0.26% IR PELLETS","address":"5-7-53, SANGEETHNAGAR","city":"HYDERABAD-A,P,","supplier":"PELLETS PHARMA LIMITED","supplierCountry":"INDIA","foreign_port":"KARACHI -","customer":"PLATINUM PHARMACEUTICALS PVT. LTD,","customerCountry":"PAKISTAN","quantity":"0.52","actualQuantity":"520","unit":"GMS","unitRateFc":"6.9","totalValueFC":"3488.8","currency":"USD","unitRateINR":560.83655769230768,"date":"04-Jul-2024","totalValueINR":"291635.01","totalValueInUsd":"3488.8","indian_port":"Hyderabad Air","hs_no":"29339990","bill_no":"2172996","productDescription":"API","marketType":"LESS REGULATED MARKET","country":"PAKISTAN","selfForZScoreResived":"Pellets","supplierPort":"Hyderabad Air","supplierAddress":"5-7-53, SANGEETHNAGAR, HYDERABAD-A,P,","customerAddress":""},{"dataSource":"API Export","activeIngredients":"","year":"2024","qtr":"Q3","strtotime":1727289000,"product":"LINACLOTIDE(LE)","address":"PLOT NO.C-24, MSN HOUSE, INDUSTRIAL","city":"HYDERABAD, AP","supplier":"MSN LABORATORIES","supplierCountry":"INDIA","foreign_port":"DUBAI","customer":"GULF AGENCY COMPANY DUBAI LLC","customerCountry":"UNITED ARAB EMIRATES","quantity":"0.30","actualQuantity":"300","unit":"GMS","unitRateFc":"871.2","totalValueFC":"257954.2","currency":"USD","unitRateINR":72056.259999999995,"date":"26-Sep-2024","totalValueINR":"21616878","totalValueInUsd":"257954.2","indian_port":"Hyderabad Air","hs_no":"29379020","bill_no":"4350316","productDescription":"API","marketType":"LESS REGULATED MARKET","country":"UNITED ARAB EMIRATES","selfForZScoreResived":"Pharma Grade","supplierPort":"Hyderabad Air","supplierAddress":"PLOT NO.C-24, MSN HOUSE, INDUSTRIAL, HYDERABAD, AP","customerAddress":""},{"dataSource":"API Export","activeIngredients":"","year":"2024","qtr":"Q4","strtotime":1729708200,"product":"LINACLOTIDE(LE)","address":"PLOT NO.C-24, MSN HOUSE, INDUSTRIAL","city":"HYDERABAD, AP","supplier":"MSN LABORATORIES","supplierCountry":"INDIA","foreign_port":"DUBAI","customer":"GULF AGENCY COMPANY DUBAI LLC","customerCountry":"UNITED ARAB EMIRATES","quantity":"0.05","actualQuantity":"50","unit":"GMS","unitRateFc":"871.2","totalValueFC":"42890.7","currency":"USD","unitRateINR":72079.160000000003,"date":"24-Oct-2024","totalValueINR":"3603958","totalValueInUsd":"42890.7","indian_port":"Hyderabad Air","hs_no":"29379020","bill_no":"5089558","productDescription":"API","marketType":"LESS REGULATED MARKET","country":"UNITED ARAB EMIRATES","selfForZScoreResived":"Pharma Grade","supplierPort":"Hyderabad Air","supplierAddress":"PLOT NO.C-24, MSN HOUSE, INDUSTRIAL, HYDERABAD, AP","customerAddress":""},{"dataSource":"API Import","activeIngredients":"","year":"2024","qtr":"Q4","strtotime":1732041000,"product":"(FOR RESEARCH PURPOSE ONLY) LINACLOTIDE (CAS NO. 851199-59-2)","address":"413 LAXMI MALL LAXMI INDL,","city":"MUMBAI","supplier":"SHANGHAI MINSTAR CHEMICAL CO., LTD","supplierCountry":"CHINA","foreign_port":"SHANGHAI","customer":"CLEARSYNTH LABS LIMITED","customerCountry":"INDIA","quantity":"0.01","actualQuantity":"0.014","unit":"KGS","unitRateFc":"143571.4","totalValueFC":"2031.7","currency":"USD","unitRateINR":"12246642.9","date":"20-Nov-2024","totalValueINR":"171453","totalValueInUsd":"2031.7","indian_port":"Hyderabad Air","hs_no":"29339990","bill_no":"6771372","productDescription":"API","marketType":"REGULATED MARKET","country":"CHINA","selfForZScoreResived":"Pharma Grade","supplierPort":"SHANGHAI","supplierAddress":"BUILDING 8 NO1098 CHUANSHA ROAD PUD ONG SHANGHAI SDNF China","customerAddress":"413 LAXMI MALL LAXMI INDL,"}]
11-Jan-2021
20-Nov-2024
KGS
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Average Price (USD/KGS)

Number of Transactions

Total Quantity (KGS)

Total Value (USD)

Quantity (KGS) & Unit rate (USD/KGS) over time

API Imports and Exports

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Packaging : 28 Caps

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Registration Country : Argentina

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DOSAGE - CAPSULE;ORAL - 145MCG

USFDA APPLICATION NUMBER - 202811

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DOSAGE - CAPSULE;ORAL - 290MCG

USFDA APPLICATION NUMBER - 202811

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DOSAGE - CAPSULE;ORAL - 72MCG

USFDA APPLICATION NUMBER - 202811

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Linaclotide

Drug Cost (USD) : 1,581,669,987

Year : 2022

Prescribers : 510755

Prescriptions : 2113198

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Drug Cost (USD) : 1,374,354,961

Year : 2021

Prescribers : 481655

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Drug Cost (USD) : 1,144,468,128

Year : 2020

Prescribers : 428018

Prescriptions : 1820879

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Drug Cost (USD) : 983,986,225

Year : 2019

Prescribers : 412698

Prescriptions : 1712161

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Drug Cost (USD) : 761,658,895

Year : 2018

Prescribers : 361089

Prescriptions : 1509863

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Drug Cost (USD) : 582,855,187

Year : 2017

Prescribers : 321801

Prescriptions : 1351443

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Drug Cost (USD) : 411,043,477

Year : 2016

Prescribers : 268655

Prescriptions : 1098462

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Drug Cost (USD) : 259,461,754

Year : 2015

Prescribers : 204324

Prescriptions : 787276

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LINACLOTIDE

Drug Cost (USD) : 136,922,408

Year : 2014

Prescribers : 144014

Prescriptions : 490572

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Linaclotide

Brand Name : CONSTELLA

Patent Number : 2514507

Filing Date : 2004-01-28

Strength per Unit : 145 ?g

Dosage Form : CAPSULE

Human Or VET : Human

Route of Administration : ORAL

Patent Expiration Date : 2024-01-28

Date Granted : 2012-03-20

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Linaclotide

Brand Name : CONSTELLA

Patent Number : 2514507

Filing Date : 2004-01-28

Strength per Unit : 290 ug

Dosage Form : CAPSULE

Human Or VET : Human

Route of Administration : ORAL

Patent Expiration Date : 2024-01-28

Date Granted : 2012-03-20

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ABOUT THIS PAGE

Linaclotide Manufacturers

A Linaclotide manufacturer is defined as any person or entity involved in the manufacture, preparation, processing, compounding or propagation of Linaclotide, including repackagers and relabelers. The FDA regulates Linaclotide manufacturers to ensure that their products comply with relevant laws and regulations and are safe and effective to use. Linaclotide API Manufacturers are required to adhere to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) to ensure that their products are consistently manufactured to meet established quality criteria.

click here to find a list of Linaclotide manufacturers with USDMF, JDMF, KDMF, CEP, GMP, COA and API Price related information on PhamaCompass.

Linaclotide Suppliers

A Linaclotide supplier is an individual or a company that provides Linaclotide active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) or Linaclotide finished formulations upon request. The Linaclotide suppliers may include Linaclotide API manufacturers, exporters, distributors and traders.

click here to find a list of Linaclotide suppliers with USDMF, JDMF, KDMF, CEP, GMP, COA and API Price related information on PharmaCompass.

Linaclotide USDMF

A Linaclotide DMF (Drug Master File) is a document detailing the whole manufacturing process of Linaclotide active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in detail. Different forms of Linaclotide DMFs exist exist since differing nations have different regulations, such as Linaclotide USDMF, ASMF (EDMF), JDMF, CDMF, etc.

A Linaclotide DMF submitted to regulatory agencies in the US is known as a USDMF. Linaclotide USDMF includes data on Linaclotide's chemical properties, information on the facilities and procedures used, and details about packaging and storage. The Linaclotide USDMF is kept confidential to protect the manufacturer’s intellectual property.

click here to find a list of Linaclotide suppliers with USDMF on PharmaCompass.

Linaclotide JDMF

The Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) established the Japan Drug Master File (JDMF), also known as the Master File (MF), to permit Japanese and foreign manufacturers of drug substances, intermediates, excipients, raw materials, and packaging materials (‘Products’) to voluntarily register confidential information about the production and management of their products in Japan.

The Linaclotide Drug Master File in Japan (Linaclotide JDMF) empowers Linaclotide API manufacturers to present comprehensive information (e.g., production methods, data, etc.) to the review authority, i.e., PMDA (Pharmaceuticals & Medical Devices Agency).

PMDA reviews the Linaclotide JDMF during the approval evaluation for pharmaceutical products. At the time of Linaclotide JDMF registration, PMDA checks if the format is accurate, if the necessary items have been included (application), and if data has been attached.

click here to find a list of Linaclotide suppliers with JDMF on PharmaCompass.

Linaclotide WC

A Linaclotide written confirmation (Linaclotide WC) is an official document issued by a regulatory agency to a Linaclotide manufacturer, verifying that the manufacturing facility of a Linaclotide active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) adheres to the Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) regulations of the importing country. When exporting Linaclotide APIs or Linaclotide finished pharmaceutical products to another nation, regulatory agencies frequently require a Linaclotide WC (written confirmation) as part of the regulatory process.

click here to find a list of Linaclotide suppliers with Written Confirmation (WC) on PharmaCompass.

Linaclotide NDC

National Drug Code is a comprehensive database maintained by the FDA that contains information on all drugs marketed in the US. This directory includes information about finished drug products, unfinished drug products, and compounded drug products, including those containing Linaclotide as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API).

Finished drug products

The FDA updates the NDC directory daily. The NDC numbers for Linaclotide API and other APIs are published in this directory by the FDA.

Unfinished drugs

The NDC unfinished drugs database includes product listing information submitted for all unfinished drugs, such as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), drugs intended for further processing and bulk drug substances for compounding.

Pharmaceutical companies that manufacture Linaclotide as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) must furnish the FDA with an updated record of all drugs that they produce, prepare, propagate, compound, or process for commercial distribution in the US at their facilities.

Compounded drug products

The NDC directory also contains data on finished compounded human drug products that contain Linaclotide and are produced by outsourcing facilities. While these outsourcing facilities are not mandated to assign a Linaclotide NDC to their finished compounded human drug products, they may choose to do so.

click here to find a list of Linaclotide suppliers with NDC on PharmaCompass.

Linaclotide GMP

Linaclotide Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is produced in GMP-certified manufacturing facility.

GMP stands for Good Manufacturing Practices, which is a system used in the pharmaceutical industry to make sure that goods are regularly produced and monitored in accordance with quality standards. The FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practices requirements are referred to as cGMP or current GMP which indicates that the company follows the most recent GMP specifications. The World Health Organization (WHO) has its own set of GMP guidelines, called the WHO GMP. Different countries can also set their own guidelines for GMP like China (Chinese GMP) or the EU (EU GMP).

PharmaCompass offers a list of Linaclotide GMP manufacturers, exporters & distributors, which can be sorted by USDMF, JDMF, KDMF, CEP (COS), WC, API price, and more, enabling you to easily find the right Linaclotide GMP manufacturer or Linaclotide GMP API supplier for your needs.

Linaclotide CoA

A Linaclotide CoA (Certificate of Analysis) is a formal document that attests to Linaclotide's compliance with Linaclotide specifications and serves as a tool for batch-level quality control.

Linaclotide CoA mostly includes findings from lab analyses of a specific batch. For each Linaclotide CoA document that a company creates, the USFDA specifies specific requirements, such as supplier information, material identification, transportation data, evidence of conformity and signature data.

Linaclotide may be tested according to a variety of international standards, such as European Pharmacopoeia (Linaclotide EP), Linaclotide JP (Japanese Pharmacopeia) and the US Pharmacopoeia (Linaclotide USP).

Inform the supplier about your product requirements, specifying if you need a product with particular monograph like EP (Ph. Eur.), USP, JP, BP, or any other quality. In addition, clarify whether you need hydrochloride (HCl), anhydricum, base, micronisatum or a specific level of purity. To find reputable suppliers, utilize the filters and select those certified by GMP, FDA, or any other certification as per your requirement.
For your convenience, we have listed synonyms and CAS numbers to help you find the best supplier. The use of synonyms and CAS numbers can be helpful in identifying potential suppliers, but it is crucial to note that they might not always indicate the exact same product. It is important to confirm the product details with the supplier before making a purchase to ensure that it meets your requirements.
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