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Pafolacianine
Also known as: Otl-38, Otl 38, Otl 0038, Otl38, Otl0038, Otl-0038
Molecular Formula
C61H67N9O17S4
Molecular Weight
1326.5  g/mol
InChI Key
PDXNSXLPXJFETD-DYVQZXGMSA-N

Pafolacianine is a fluorescent imaging agent composed of a folate receptor-alpha (FRa)-targeting ligand conjugated to a fluorescent near infrared (NIR) dye, that can be used for imaging of FRa-expressing tumor cells. Upon administration, the FRa-targeting moiety of pafolacianine specifically binds to FRa expressed on tumor cells thus selectively delivering the fluorescent dye to FRa-expressing tumor cells. Upon NIR imaging, tumor cells fluoresce, which allows for the visualization and identification of FRa-overexpressing tumor cells. FRa, a high-affinity folate-binding protein and a member of the folate receptor family, is overexpressed in various cancer cell types.
1 2D Structure

Pafolacianine

2 Identification
2.1 Computed Descriptors
2.1.1 IUPAC Name
2-[(E)-2-[(3E)-2-[4-[(2S)-2-[[4-[(2-amino-4-oxo-3H-pteridin-6-yl)methylamino]benzoyl]amino]-2-carboxyethyl]phenoxy]-3-[(2E)-2-[3,3-dimethyl-5-sulfo-1-(4-sulfobutyl)indol-2-ylidene]ethylidene]cyclohexen-1-yl]ethenyl]-3,3-dimethyl-1-(4-sulfobutyl)indol-1-ium-5-sulfonate
2.1.2 InChI
InChI=1S/C61H67N9O17S4/c1-60(2)46-33-44(90(81,82)83)22-24-49(46)69(28-5-7-30-88(75,76)77)51(60)26-16-38-10-9-11-39(17-27-52-61(3,4)47-34-45(91(84,85)86)23-25-50(47)70(52)29-6-8-31-89(78,79)80)54(38)87-43-20-12-37(13-21-43)32-48(58(73)74)66-56(71)40-14-18-41(19-15-40)63-35-42-36-64-55-53(65-42)57(72)68-59(62)67-55/h12-27,33-34,36,48H,5-11,28-32,35H2,1-4H3,(H9-,62,63,64,66,67,68,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86)/t48-/m0/s1
2.1.3 InChI Key
PDXNSXLPXJFETD-DYVQZXGMSA-N
2.1.4 Canonical SMILES
CC1(C2=C(C=CC(=C2)S(=O)(=O)[O-])[N+](=C1C=CC3=C(C(=CC=C4C(C5=C(N4CCCCS(=O)(=O)O)C=CC(=C5)S(=O)(=O)O)(C)C)CCC3)OC6=CC=C(C=C6)CC(C(=O)O)NC(=O)C7=CC=C(C=C7)NCC8=CN=C9C(=N8)C(=O)NC(=N9)N)CCCCS(=O)(=O)O)C
2.1.5 Isomeric SMILES
CC1(C2=C(C=CC(=C2)S(=O)(=O)[O-])[N+](=C1/C=C/C3=C(/C(=C/C=C/4\C(C5=C(N4CCCCS(=O)(=O)O)C=CC(=C5)S(=O)(=O)O)(C)C)/CCC3)OC6=CC=C(C=C6)C[C@@H](C(=O)O)NC(=O)C7=CC=C(C=C7)NCC8=CN=C9C(=N8)C(=O)NC(=N9)N)CCCCS(=O)(=O)O)C
2.2 Synonyms
2.2.1 MeSH Synonyms

1. Cytalux

2. Otl-0038

3. Otl-38

4. Otl0038

5. Otl38

2.2.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

1. Otl-38

2. Otl 38

3. Otl 0038

4. Otl38

5. Otl0038

6. Otl-0038

7. Pafolacianine [usan]

8. F7bd3z4x8l

9. 1628423-76-6

10. Unii-f7bd3z4x8l

11. Chembl4297412

12. Who 11569

13. Db15413

2.3 Create Date
2019-01-15
3 Chemical and Physical Properties
Molecular Weight 1326.5 g/mol
Molecular Formula C61H67N9O17S4
XLogP34
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count8
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count22
Rotatable Bond Count24
Exact Mass1325.35377640 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass1325.35377640 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area441 Ų
Heavy Atom Count91
Formal Charge0
Complexity3330
Isotope Atom Count0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count1
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count3
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count0
Covalently Bonded Unit Count1
4 Drug and Medication Information
4.1 Drug Indication

Pafolacianine is an optical imaging agent indicated in adult patients with ovarian cancer as an adjunct for intraoperative identification of malignant lesions.


5 Pharmacology and Biochemistry
5.1 Pharmacology

Tumor to background ratios changed with different mass doses studied. High tumor to background ratio was observed with 0.025 mg/kg dose. Pafolacianine exposure-response relationships and the time course of pharmacodynamic responses are unknown.


5.2 MeSH Pharmacological Classification

Molecular Probes

A group of atoms or molecules attached to other molecules or cellular structures and used in studying the properties of these molecules and structures. Radioactive DNA or RNA sequences are used in MOLECULAR GENETICS to detect the presence of a complementary sequence by NUCLEIC ACID HYBRIDIZATION. (See all compounds classified as Molecular Probes.)


5.3 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

Absorption

The mean Cmax of pafolacianine was 59.1 5.94 ng/mL and AUCinf was 63.6 12.6 ng x hr/mL.


Route of Elimination

Following a single intravenous infusion of radiolabeled pafolacianine sodium, approximately 35% of the dose was recovered in urine (19.1%) and in feces (15.8%) after approximately 3-5 weeks.


Volume of Distribution

The mean volume of distribution (Vz) is 17.1 5.99 L, indicating distribution into tissues. During intraoperative molecular imaging for surgically resectable pulmonary adenocarcinoma, pafolacianine accumulated in nearly 70% of squamous cell carcinomas.


Clearance

The mean plasma clearance is 28.6 4.97 L/hr.


5.4 Metabolism/Metabolites

The metabolism of pafolacianine is unknown; however, pafolacianine is not metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes.


5.5 Biological Half-Life

The elimination half-life of pafolacianine is 0.44 0.23 hours.


5.6 Mechanism of Action

Pafolacianine is consists of folic acid linked by its -carboxyl and a short spacer to an indocyanine green-related near-infrared dye called SO456. It is used for intraoperative fluorescence for tumour identification and surgical resection. It targets the folate receptor alpha (FR), which is often overexpressed in various cancers including ovarian cancer. Pafolacianine binds to FR-expressing cancer cells with an affinity of ~1 nM and is internalized via receptor-mediated endocytosis to be concentrated in FR-positive cancer tissues. Pafolacianine absorbs light and in the near-infrared (NIR) region within a range of 760 nm to 785 nm with a peak absorption of 776 nm and, upon excitation, emits fluorescence within a range of 790 nm to 815 nm with a peak emission of 796 nm.


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