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    Chemistry

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    Also known as: Tin(ii) fluoride, Tin difluoride, 7783-47-3, Fluoristan, Difluorotin, Tin bifluoride
    Molecular Formula
    F2Sn
    Molecular Weight
    156.71  g/mol
    InChI Key
    ANOBYBYXJXCGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-L
    Tin Fluoride
    Inorganic fluorides of tin. They include both stannic fluoride (tin tetrafluoride) and stannous fluoride (tin difluoride). The latter is used in the prevention of dental caries.
    1 2D Structure

    Tin Fluoride

    2 Identification
    2.1 Computed Descriptors
    2.1.1 IUPAC Name
    difluorotin
    2.1.2 InChI
    InChI=1S/2FH.Sn/h2*1H;/q;;+2/p-2
    2.1.3 InChI Key
    ANOBYBYXJXCGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-L
    2.1.4 Canonical SMILES
    F[Sn]F
    2.2 Synonyms
    2.2.1 MeSH Synonyms

    1. Cav-x

    2. Difluoride, Tin

    3. Difluorides, Tin

    4. Floran

    5. Florans

    6. Fluoride, Stannic

    7. Fluoride, Stannous

    8. Fluoride, Tin

    9. Fluorides, Stannic

    10. Fluorides, Stannous

    11. Fluorides, Tin

    12. Fluoristan

    13. Fluoristans

    14. Gel-kam

    15. Gel-tin

    16. Omnii-gel

    17. Omnii-med

    18. Stanimax

    19. Stanimaxs

    20. Stannic Fluoride

    21. Stannic Fluorides

    22. Stannous Fluorides

    23. Tetrafluoride, Tin

    24. Tetrafluorides, Tin

    25. Tin Difluoride

    26. Tin Difluorides

    27. Tin Fluoride

    28. Tin Fluorides

    29. Tin Tetrafluoride

    30. Tin Tetrafluorides

    2.2.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

    1. Tin(ii) Fluoride

    2. Tin Difluoride

    3. 7783-47-3

    4. Fluoristan

    5. Difluorotin

    6. Tin Bifluoride

    7. Difluorostannylene

    8. Snf2

    9. Stannous Fluoride (usp)

    10. Stannous Fluoride [usp]

    11. Omnii-gel

    12. Gel-kam

    13. Easygel

    14. Stancare

    15. Stanide

    16. Crest

    17. Stop

    18. Iradicar Snf2

    19. Iradicav Snf2

    20. King's Gel-tin

    21. Cap-tin Mouthrinse

    22. Stop Home Treatment

    23. Iradicar Stannous Fluoride

    24. Stannous Fluoride (snf2)

    25. Tin Ii Fluoride

    26. Hsdb 783

    27. Tin(+2)fluoride

    28. Stannous Difluoride

    29. Gingimed (tn)

    30. Einecs 231-999-3

    31. Oral-b Rinsing Solution, Concentrate

    32. Mfcd00042540

    33. Tin (ii) Fluoride

    34. Tin(ii) Fluoride, 99%

    35. Unii-3ftr44b32q

    36. Tin (ii) Fluoride, -4 Mesh

    37. Chebi:135933

    38. Db11092

    39. Ft-0695303

    40. D05919

    41. A929354

    42. Q204962

    43. Samarium Barium Copper Oxide (sbco) Sputtering Targets

    44. 4-chloro-2-pyridinemethanamine;(4-chloropyridin-2-yl)methanamine

    2.3 Create Date
    2005-03-27
    3 Chemical and Physical Properties
    Molecular Weight 156.71 g/mol
    Molecular Formula F2Sn
    Hydrogen Bond Donor Count0
    Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count2
    Rotatable Bond Count0
    Exact Mass157.899009 g/mol
    Monoisotopic Mass157.899009 g/mol
    Topological Polar Surface Area0 Ų
    Heavy Atom Count3
    Formal Charge0
    Complexity2.8
    Isotope Atom Count0
    Defined Atom Stereocenter Count0
    Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count0
    Defined Bond Stereocenter Count0
    Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count0
    Covalently Bonded Unit Count1
    4 Drug and Medication Information
    4.1 Therapeutic Uses

    Stannous fluoride is applied directly to the surfaces of teeth in the form of solutions or gels for the prevention of dental caries in children.

    American Hospital Formulary Service-Drug Information 88. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, 1988 (Plus supplements)., p. 2159

    Dilute solutions of gels containing 0.4% stannous fluoride have been used to prevent decalcification in orthodonic patients and to protect against postirradiation caries.

    American Hospital Formulary Service-Drug Information 88. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, 1988 (Plus supplements)., p. 2160

    The ADA currently states that topical application of 8% aqueous solution of stannous fluoride at 6 to 12 month intervals is the preferred method of administration. Prior to topical application of the 8% solution, the teeth should be thoroughly cleaned, isolated with cotton rolls, and dried with compressed air. The teeth are then kept moist with a freshly prepared 8% solution of stannous fluoride for a 4 minute period. Topical application of 8% aqueous solutions of stannous fluoride should be repeated at 6 to 12 month intervals. Less concentrated solutions or gels of stannous fluoride may be applied topically daily or every other day with a toothbrush or as a rinsing solution. For self administration in adults and children 6 years of age and older, a 0.4% gel can be applied to the teeth and then thoroughly brushed once daily; the gel should then be allowed to remain on the teeth for 1 minute before expectorating. For self-administration of a 0.1% rinsing solution, 10 ml is generally administered once daily in adults and children 6 years of age and older ... .

    American Hospital Formulary Service-Drug Information 88. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, 1988 (Plus supplements)., p. 2162

    4.2 Drug Warning

    Staining or pigmentation (eg, yellow, brown, brown black) of the teeth resulting from topical application of concentrated solutions or gels of stannous fluoride has been reported, particularly in patients with poor oral hygiene. The pigmentation, which is probably stannous sulfide, is generally associated with a carious lesion or a hypocalcified area of the enamel or with plaque or accumulated debris, or occurs at the margin of a silicate restoration. Staining has also occurred with stannous fluoride containing dentifrices, but the risk of staining with these dentifrices appears to be less than that with stannous fluoride containing solutions or gels because the latter preparations do not contain abrasives, they are in contact with teeth for longer periods of time after application, and the mouth is not rinsed with water after application. To minimize the risk of staining, individuals receiving stannous fluoride containing preparations should be advised of the importance of good oral hygiene (eg, adequate brushing). These individuals should also be advised that such staining is not harmful or permanent and can be removed by a dentist or dental hygienist.

    American Hospital Formulary Service-Drug Information 88. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, 1988 (Plus supplements)., p. 2160

    Food and Environmental Agents: Effect on Breast-Feeding: Reported Sign or Symptom in Infant or Effect on Lactation: Fluorides: None. /from Table 7/

    Report of the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs in Pediatrics 93 (1): 142 (1994)

    4.3 Drug Indication

    Indicated for use to relieve dental hypersensitivity, increase enamel production, prevent gingivitis and cavities, and control periodontal infections.

    5 Pharmacology and Biochemistry
    5.1 Pharmacology

    Stannous fluoride mediates both bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties and provides an anti-erosive action on tooth enamel.

    5.2 MeSH Pharmacological Classification

    Cariostatic Agents

    Substances that inhibit or arrest DENTAL CARIES formation. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed) (See all compounds classified as Cariostatic Agents.)

    5.3 ATC Code

    A - Alimentary tract and metabolism

    A01 - Stomatological preparations

    A01A - Stomatological preparations

    A01AA - Caries prophylactic agents

    A01AA04 - Stannous fluoride

    5.4 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

    Absorption

    Tin is retained in the demineralized organic matrix to some extent, diffuses through the phosphorylated non-collagenous proteins in the dentine called phosphophoryn and accumulates in the underlying mineralized tissue.

    Route of Elimination

    Materials introduced into the oral cavity can be eliminated by salivary washout and swallowing, absorption through oral surfaces, or degradation.

    Volume of Distribution

    Stannous fluoride is cleared from saliva rapidly but very well retained in gingival plaque for a prolonged period of time.

    Clearance

    Stimulated and nonstimulated salivary elimination microrate constants in this case would be 1 and 0.5 min^1, respectively.

    Fluoride ion is rapidly & extensively absorbed from the gut. In rats, absorption of sodium fluoride ... & stannous fluoride is similar.

    IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V27 274 (1982)

    Fluoride is transported in the blood in the free rather than the protein-bound form; it is distributed rapidly throughout all soft tissues but is not accumulated. /Fluoride ion/

    IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V27 274 (1982)

    THE PLACENTA OF RATS WAS PERMEABLE TO FLUORIDE @ 25 PPM IN DRINKING WATER JUST BEFORE OR DURING GESTATION. LESS THAN 1% ADMIN TO PREGNANT RATS WAS TRANSFERRED IN PROGENY, INDICATING STRONG DISCRIMINATION AGAINST TRANSPLACENTAL TRANSFER. NO DIFFERENCE IN THE TRANSFERRED AMT WAS OBSERVED WHEN FLUORIDE WAS GIVEN AS SODIUM FLUORIDE OR TIN FLUORIDE.

    PMID:4511299 KATZ S, STOOKEY GK; J DENT RES 52 (2): 206-10 (1973)

    THE FATE OF (113)TIN HAS BEEN EVALUATED IN THE RAT FOLLOWING THE ADMINISTRATION OF (113)TIN(II) AND (113)TIN(IV). CHANGING THE ANION COMPLEMENT FROM FLUORIDE TO CITRATE DID NOT AFFECT THE BIOLOGICAL FATE OF EITHER VALENCE FORM OF TIN. FROM A SINGLE PER ORAL DOSE OF 20 MG OF TIN(II) OR TIN(IV)/KG, 2.85 AND 0.64%, RESPECTIVELY, WERE ABSORBED. WITHIN 48 HR, ABOUT 50% OF THE ABSORBED TIN WAS EXCRETED. THE TISSUE DISTRIBUTION OF THE TIN REPORTED AS A PERCENT OF THE DOSED TIN(II) AND TIN(IV), RESPECTIVELY, WAS SKELETON 1.02 AND 0.24, LIVER 0.08 AND 0.02, AND KIDNEYS 0.09 AND 0.02. FROM A SINGLE IV DOSE OF 2 MG OF TIN(II) OR TIN(IV)/KG, ABOUT 30% WAS EXCRETED IN THE URINE; 11% OF THE TIN(II) WAS ELIMINATED IN THE BILE, BUT NONE OF THE TIN(IV). THE AVERAGE PERCENT OF TIN ABSORBED DURING A 28-DAY PER ORAL DOSING STUDY WAS LESS THAN FROM A SINGLE PER ORAL DOSE. IN A COMPARISON OF THE TIN IN TISSUES FROM A SINGLE AND FROM A 28-DAY PER ORAL DOSING, ONLY BONE HAD AN INCREASED ACCUMULATION APPROXIMATELY PROPORTIONAL TO THE INCREASED AMOUNT OF SYSTEMIC EXPOSURE.

    PMID:4850377 HILES RA; TOXICOL APPL PHARMACOL 27 (2): 366 (1974)

    For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for STANNOUS FLUORIDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

    5.5 Biological Half-Life

    The half-life for the decay of the salivary elimination rate constant was 13 min.

    THE FATE OF (113)TIN HAS BEEN EVALUATED IN THE RAT FOLLOWING THE ADMINISTRATION OF (113)TIN(II) AND (113)TIN(IV). ... THE BIOLOGICAL HALF-LIFE OF THE TIN IN BONES WAS CALCULATED TO BE 20 TO 40 DAYS.

    PMID:4850377 HILES RA; TOXICOL APPL PHARMACOL 27 (2): 366 (1974)

    5.6 Mechanism of Action

    Stannous fluoride has been shown to manage and prevent dental caries and gingivitis by promoting enamel mineralization, reducing gingival inflammation and bleeding, its potential broad-spectrum antibiotic effect, and through modulation of the microbial composition of the dental biofilm. It works by depositing a stable acid-resistant layer on the tooth surfaces which is composed of calcium fluoride produced when stannous fluoride converts the calcium mineral apatite into fluorapatite. Tin and fluoride mediate anti-erosive actions by interacting with and modifying the absorbent layer composed of salivary proteins such as mucins, perhaps by enhancing the cross-linking between the proteins to result in a more resistant and protective layer against erosion. The efficacy of stannous fluoride solutions seems to depend mainly on the incorporation of tin in the mineralized dentine when the organic portion is preserved but on surface precipitation when the organic portion is continuously digested. Moreover, the relative erosion-inhibiting effects of stannous fluoride strongly depend on the presence or absence of the demineralized organic dentine matrix.

    DENTAL STUDENTS RINSED FOR 4 DAYS WITH 0.2% AQ SOLN STANNOUS FLUORIDE OR STANNIC TETRACHLORIDE & IN ADDITION 15% SUCROSE TO ENHANCE PLAQUE FORMATION. TIN(2+) SHOWED MARKED INHIBITING ACTIVITY WHEREAS THE TIN(4+) SHOWED ONLY SLIGHT EFFECT. THE TIN(2+) ION ALSO REDUCED THE ACIDOGENICITY OF THE DENTAL PLAQUE WHEREAS THE TIN(4+) SHOWED NO EFFECT. TIN(2+) REDUCES METABOLIC ACTIVITY OF PLAQUE BY OXIDIZING THIOL GROUPS BY AFFINITY FOR THEM. THIS IS NOT THE CASE FOR TIN(4+).

    PMID:7008492 ELLINGSEN JE ET AL; ACTA ODONTOL SCAND 38 (4): 219-22 (1980)

    /STANNOUS FLUORIDE/ ... ALTERS THE COMPOSITION & CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE OF THE HYDROXYAPATITE-LIKE SALTS THAT MAKE UP THE BULK OF ENAMEL, ESPECIALLY, & DENTIN, SO THAT THE TOOTH MATERIAL IS MORE RESISTANT TO ACIDIC EROSION & DENTAL CARIES (DECAY).

    Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975., p. 727

    When stannous fluoride is applied topically to teeth, a highly adherent surface coating composed mainly of tin phosphate and smaller amounts of calcium fluoride and a tin hydroxyorthophosphate is formed on enamel.

    American Hospital Formulary Service-Drug Information 88. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, 1988 (Plus supplements)., p. 2159

    IN A STANDARDIZED RABBIT MODEL, YELLOW GOLDEN STAIN FORMED ON TOOTH SURFACES DURING USE OF STANNOUS FLUORIDE IS DUE TO ITS LOW PH WHICH CAUSES DENATURATION OF PELLICLE PROTEIN WITH EXPOSURE TO SULFHYDRYL GROUPS, WHICH FORM STANNIC SULFIDES THROUGH REACTIONS WITH TIN(2+).

    PMID:6952551 ELLINGSEN JE ET AL; SCAND J DENT RES 90 (1): 9-13 (1982)

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