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Chemistry

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Also known as: Chloroethene, Chloroethylene, Ethene, chloro-, 75-01-4, Monochloroethylene, Monochloroethene
Molecular Formula
C2H3Cl
Molecular Weight
62.50  g/mol
InChI Key
BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
FDA UNII
WD06X94M2D

Vinyl Chloride
A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms.
1 2D Structure

Vinyl Chloride

2 Identification
2.1 Computed Descriptors
2.1.1 IUPAC Name
chloroethene
2.1.2 InChI
InChI=1S/C2H3Cl/c1-2-3/h2H,1H2
2.1.3 InChI Key
BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
2.1.4 Canonical SMILES
C=CCl
2.2 Other Identifiers
2.2.1 UNII
WD06X94M2D
2.3 Synonyms
2.3.1 MeSH Synonyms

1. Chloride, Vinyl

2. Chloroethylene

2.3.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

1. Chloroethene

2. Chloroethylene

3. Ethene, Chloro-

4. 75-01-4

5. Monochloroethylene

6. Monochloroethene

7. Ethylene Monochloride

8. Polyvinyl Chloride

9. Chlorethylene

10. Vinylchlorid

11. Monovinyl Chloride

12. Chlorure De Vinyle

13. Ethylene, Chloro-

14. Chlorethene

15. Trovidur

16. Poly(vinyl Chloride)

17. 9002-86-2

18. Vinyl C Monomer

19. Vinyl Chloride Monomer

20. Winylu Chlorek

21. Cloruro Di Vinile

22. Rcra Waste Number U043

23. Vinyle(chlorure De)

24. Vc

25. Cloroetileno

26. Cloruro De Vinilo

27. Poly(vinylchloride)

28. Un 1086

29. Vinylchloride

30. Vcm

31. Wd06x94m2d

32. Chebi:28509

33. Vinyl Chlorine

34. Vinyl Chloride 5000 Microg/ml In Methanol

35. F-1140

36. Vinylchlorid [german]

37. Polyvinyl Chloride Resin

38. Ultron

39. Winylu Chlorek [polish]

40. Chlorure De Vinyle [french]

41. Cloruro Di Vinile [italian]

42. Ccris 621

43. Vinyle(chlorure De) [french]

44. Hsdb 169

45. Vinile (cloruro Di)

46. Vinile (cloruro Di) [italian]

47. Polyvinylchloride Latex

48. C2h3cl

49. Einecs 200-831-0

50. Un1086

51. Rcra Waste No. U043

52. Brn 1731576

53. Unii-wd06x94m2d

54. Vinyl Chloride Chloroethylene

55. Chloro-ethene

56. 1-chloroethylene

57. 1-chloroethylene #

58. Ec 200-831-0

59. Vinyl Chloride [mi]

60. 4-01-00-00700 (beilstein Handbook Reference)

61. Vinyl Chloride [hsdb]

62. Vinyl Chloride [iarc]

63. Vinyl Chloride [inci]

64. Vinyl Chloride, >=99.5%

65. Vinyl Chloride [mart.]

66. Vinyl Chloride, >=99.95%

67. Chembl2311071

68. Dtxsid8021434

69. Vinyl Chloride, Inhibited Or Vinyl Chloride Stabilized [un1086]

70. Mfcd00040415

71. Akos015916049

72. Vinyl Chloride 100 Microg/ml In Methanol

73. Vinyl Chloride 1000 Microg/ml In Methanol

74. Ft-0606106

75. Ft-0693147

76. C06793

77. C19508

78. Q338869

79. Vinyl Chloride, Inhibited Or Vinyl Chloride Stabilized

80. Vcl

2.4 Create Date
2004-09-16
3 Chemical and Physical Properties
Molecular Weight 62.50 g/mol
Molecular Formula C2H3Cl
XLogP31.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count0
Rotatable Bond Count0
Exact Mass61.9923278 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass61.9923278 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area0 Ų
Heavy Atom Count3
Formal Charge0
Complexity10.3
Isotope Atom Count0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count0
Covalently Bonded Unit Count1
4 Pharmacology and Biochemistry
4.1 MeSH Pharmacological Classification

Carcinogens

Substances that increase the risk of NEOPLASMS in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. (See all compounds classified as Carcinogens.)


4.2 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

Vinyl chloride dissolved in either oil or water when administered to rats by gavage, was absorbed extremely rapidly. Peak blood serum concentrations of vinyl chloride were observed within 10 minutes of dosing.

WHO/FAO; Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA): Food Additive Series 19: Vinyl chloride (75-01-4) (1984). Available from, as of March 26, 2018: https://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v19je16.htm


Pulmonary absorption of vinyl chloride in humans appeared to be rapid and the percentage absorbed was independent of the concentration inhaled. ... Adult male volunteers exposed for 6 hr to 2.9, 5.8, 11.6 or 23.1 ppm (7.5, 15, 30 or 60 mg/cu m) by gas mask retained on average approximately 42% of inhaled vinyl chloride. Pulmonary uptake is determined in part by the blood:air partition coefficient, which is 1.16 for vinyl chloride.

IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V97 389 (2008)


Animal data have demonstrated that pulmonary and gastrointestinal absorption of vinyl chloride occurs readily and rapidly. On the contrary, dermal absorption of airborne vinyl chloride is probably not significant. In monkeys, ... only 0.023-0.031% of the total available vinyl chloride was absorbed by the dermal route, whereas absorption in rats was virtually complete following single oral doses (44-92 mg/kg bw) of vinyl chloride in aqueous solution. When rats were exposed to initial concentrations of < 260 mg/cu m (100 ppm), about 40% of inhaled (14)C-vinyl chloride was absorbed by the lung.

IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V97 391 (2008)


The main routes of elimination of vinyl chloride and its metabolites are exhalation and urinary excretion, respectively. Accordingly, thiodiglycolic acid has been reported to be the major metabolite of vinyl chloride detected in the urine of exposed workers. Urinary levels of thiodiglycolic acid were correlated with levels of vinyl chloride in the air at concentrations of > 5 ppm.

IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V97 391 (2008)


For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for Vinyl chloride (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.


INGESTED AND RECTALLY ABSORBED PVC PARTICLES (5-100 UM) WERE FOUND TO BE TRANSPORTED BY BOTH THE LYMPHATIC AND THE PORTAL SYSTEM FROM THE INTESTINAL WALL OF RATS, GUINEA-PIGS, RABBITS, CHICKENS, DOGS AND PIGS.

IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V19 410


PARTICLES OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE HAVE BEEN DETECTED IN SEDIMENTS OF BLOOD, BILE, URINE, AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID FROM ANIMALS THAT HAD BEEN FED PARTICLES OF 5-110 UM.

Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 4302


4.3 Metabolism/Metabolites

Vinyl chloride is primarily and rapidly metabolized in the liver, and this metabolism is saturable. ...The first step in the metabolism of vinyl chloride is oxidation, which is predominantly mediated by human cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1, to form the highly reactive chloroethylene oxide, which can spontaneously rearrange to chloroacetaldehyde. ... Conjugation of chloroethylene oxide and chloroacetaldehyde with glutathione (GSH) eventually leads to the major urinary metabolites N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxyethyl)cysteine and thiodiglycolic acid. Chloroethylene oxide and chloroacetaldehyde can also be detoxified to glycolaldehyde by microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) and to the urinary metabolite chloroacetic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), respectively.

IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V97 389 (2008)


Following oral administration of (14)C-vinyl chloride, (14)C-carbon dioxide, (14)C-labelled urea and glutamic acid were identified as minor metabolites.

IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V97 393 (2008)


After inhalation of (14)C vinyl chloride by rats ... three urinary metabolites have been detected: N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxyethyl)cysteine, thiodiglycolic acid, and an unidentified substance.

National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977., p. 783


The principal (14)C urinary metabolites of orally administered (14)C-vinyl chloride, in the male rat, are N-acetyl-S-(2 hydroxyethyl)cysteine, N-acetyl-S-vinylcysteine and thiodiglycollic acid and lesser amounts of urea, glutamic acid, chloracetic acid and traces of methione and serine. The proportions of the three major urinary metabolites in the rat appear to be unaffected by either the dose, or the route of administration.

WHO/FAO; Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA): Food Additive Series 19: Vinyl chloride (75-01-4) (1984). Available from, as of March 26, 2018: https://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v19je16.htm


For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for Vinyl chloride (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.


VINYL CHLORIDE has known human metabolites that include 2-Chlorooxirane.

S73 | METXBIODB | Metabolite Reaction Database from BioTransformer | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.4056560


4.4 Biological Half-Life

Based on limited data: fairly rapid; [TDR, p. 1224]

TDR - Ryan RP, Terry CE, Leffingwell SS (eds). Toxicology Desk Reference: The Toxic Exposure and Medical Monitoring Index, 5th Ed. Washington DC: Taylor & Francis, 1999., p. 1224


The pattern of pulmonary elimination of 10 and 1000 ppm vinyl chloride was described by apparently similar first-order kinetics, with half-lives of 20.4 and 22.4 minutes respectively. The half lives for the initial phase of excretion of (14)C radioactivity in urine were 4.6 and 4.1 hours, respectively.

IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V19 392 (1979)


4.5 Mechanism of Action

Vinyl chloride carcinogenicity occurs via a genotoxic pathway and is understood in some detail. Vinyl chloride is metabolized to a reactive metabolite, probably chloroethylene oxide, which is believed to be the ultimate carcinogenic metabolite of vinyl chloride. The reactive metabolite then binds to DNA, forming DNA adducts that, if not repaired, ultimately lead to mutations and tumor formation.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Summary on Vinyl Chloride (75-01-4). Available from, as of March 26, 2018: https://www.epa.gov/iris/


There is a large body of data showing that VC acts as a genotoxic carcinogen. After metabolic activation to CEO /chloroethylene oxide/ by CYP2E1, VC exerts various genotoxic effects (including gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations) in different organisms, including bacteria, yeasts, mammalian cells in culture, Drosophila, rodents and humans. Among the mutagenic events induced by VC, base-pair substitutions appear, so far, to be the most frequent. VC in the presence of an activation system has a transforming activity on mammalian (rodent) cells in culture. Studies in vitro have demonstrated that metabolically activated VC and its electrophilic metabolites CEO and CAA /chloroacetaldehyde/ can alkylate nucleic acid bases. 7-OEG, the major DNA adduct formed by VC and CEO does not exhibit promutagenic properties. In contrast, four minor adducts, Epsilon A, Epsilon C, N2,3-Epsilon G and 1,N2-Epsilon G, show promutagenic properties, inducing mainly base-pair substitution mutations and a low level of frameshift mutations.

WHO/FAO; Environmental Health Criteria Document No. 215: Vinyl chloride (75-01-4) (1999). Available from, as of March 26, 2018: https://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc215.htm


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Vinyl Chloride manufacturers, exporters & distributors 1

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PharmaCompass offers a list of Vinyl Chloride API manufacturers, exporters & distributors, which can be sorted by GMP, USDMF, JDMF, KDMF, CEP (COS), WC, Price,and more, enabling you to easily find the right Vinyl Chloride manufacturer or Vinyl Chloride supplier for your needs.

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PharmaCompass also assists you with knowing the Vinyl Chloride API Price utilized in the formulation of products. Vinyl Chloride API Price is not always fixed or binding as the Vinyl Chloride Price is obtained through a variety of data sources. The Vinyl Chloride Price can also vary due to multiple factors, including market conditions, regulatory modifications, or negotiated pricing deals.

API | Excipient name

Vinyl Chloride

Synonyms

Chloroethene, Chloroethylene, Ethene, chloro-, 75-01-4, Monochloroethylene, Monochloroethene

Cas Number

75-01-4

Unique Ingredient Identifier (UNII)

WD06X94M2D

About Vinyl Chloride

A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms.

Vinyl Chloride Manufacturers

A Vinyl Chloride manufacturer is defined as any person or entity involved in the manufacture, preparation, processing, compounding or propagation of Vinyl Chloride, including repackagers and relabelers. The FDA regulates Vinyl Chloride manufacturers to ensure that their products comply with relevant laws and regulations and are safe and effective to use. Vinyl Chloride API Manufacturers are required to adhere to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) to ensure that their products are consistently manufactured to meet established quality criteria.

Vinyl Chloride Suppliers

A Vinyl Chloride supplier is an individual or a company that provides Vinyl Chloride active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) or Vinyl Chloride finished formulations upon request. The Vinyl Chloride suppliers may include Vinyl Chloride API manufacturers, exporters, distributors and traders.

click here to find a list of Vinyl Chloride suppliers with USDMF, JDMF, KDMF, CEP, GMP, COA and API Price related information on PharmaCompass.

Vinyl Chloride USDMF

A Vinyl Chloride DMF (Drug Master File) is a document detailing the whole manufacturing process of Vinyl Chloride active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in detail. Different forms of Vinyl Chloride DMFs exist exist since differing nations have different regulations, such as Vinyl Chloride USDMF, ASMF (EDMF), JDMF, CDMF, etc.

A Vinyl Chloride DMF submitted to regulatory agencies in the US is known as a USDMF. Vinyl Chloride USDMF includes data on Vinyl Chloride's chemical properties, information on the facilities and procedures used, and details about packaging and storage. The Vinyl Chloride USDMF is kept confidential to protect the manufacturer’s intellectual property.

click here to find a list of Vinyl Chloride suppliers with USDMF on PharmaCompass.

Vinyl Chloride GMP

Vinyl Chloride Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is produced in GMP-certified manufacturing facility.

GMP stands for Good Manufacturing Practices, which is a system used in the pharmaceutical industry to make sure that goods are regularly produced and monitored in accordance with quality standards. The FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practices requirements are referred to as cGMP or current GMP which indicates that the company follows the most recent GMP specifications. The World Health Organization (WHO) has its own set of GMP guidelines, called the WHO GMP. Different countries can also set their own guidelines for GMP like China (Chinese GMP) or the EU (EU GMP).

PharmaCompass offers a list of Vinyl Chloride GMP manufacturers, exporters & distributors, which can be sorted by USDMF, JDMF, KDMF, CEP (COS), WC, API price, and more, enabling you to easily find the right Vinyl Chloride GMP manufacturer or Vinyl Chloride GMP API supplier for your needs.

Vinyl Chloride CoA

A Vinyl Chloride CoA (Certificate of Analysis) is a formal document that attests to Vinyl Chloride's compliance with Vinyl Chloride specifications and serves as a tool for batch-level quality control.

Vinyl Chloride CoA mostly includes findings from lab analyses of a specific batch. For each Vinyl Chloride CoA document that a company creates, the USFDA specifies specific requirements, such as supplier information, material identification, transportation data, evidence of conformity and signature data.

Vinyl Chloride may be tested according to a variety of international standards, such as European Pharmacopoeia (Vinyl Chloride EP), Vinyl Chloride JP (Japanese Pharmacopeia) and the US Pharmacopoeia (Vinyl Chloride USP).

Inform the supplier about your product requirements, specifying if you need a product with particular monograph like EP (Ph. Eur.), USP, JP, BP, or any other quality. In addition, clarify whether you need hydrochloride (HCl), anhydricum, base, micronisatum or a specific level of purity. To find reputable suppliers, utilize the filters and select those certified by GMP, FDA, or any other certification as per your requirement.
For your convenience, we have listed synonyms and CAS numbers to help you find the best supplier. The use of synonyms and CAS numbers can be helpful in identifying potential suppliers, but it is crucial to note that they might not always indicate the exact same product. It is important to confirm the product details with the supplier before making a purchase to ensure that it meets your requirements.
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