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2D Structure
Also known as: 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol, 59-52-9, 2,3-dimercaptopropanol, Dithioglycerine, Dicaptol, Sulfactin
Molecular Formula
C3H8OS2
Molecular Weight
124.23  g/mol
InChI Key
WQABCVAJNWAXTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
FDA UNII
0CPP32S55X

An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.
Dimercaprol is a Metal Chelator. The mechanism of action of dimercaprol is as a Metal Chelating Activity.
1 2D Structure

2D Structure

2 Identification
2.1 Computed Descriptors
2.1.1 IUPAC Name
2,3-bis(sulfanyl)propan-1-ol
2.1.2 InChI
InChI=1S/C3H8OS2/c4-1-3(6)2-5/h3-6H,1-2H2
2.1.3 InChI Key
WQABCVAJNWAXTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
2.1.4 Canonical SMILES
C(C(CS)S)O
2.2 Other Identifiers
2.2.1 UNII
0CPP32S55X
2.3 Synonyms
2.3.1 MeSH Synonyms

1. 2,3 Dimercaptopropanol

2. 2,3 Dithiopropan 1 O1

3. 2,3-dimercaptopropanol

4. 2,3-dimercaptopropanol, Cadmium

5. 2,3-dithiopropan-1-o1

6. Anti-lewisite Agent, British

7. Anti-lewisite, British

8. B.a.l.

9. Bal In Oil

10. British Anti Lewisite

11. British Anti Lewisite Agent

12. British Anti-lewisite

13. British Anti-lewisite Agent

14. Cadmium 2,3 Dimercaptopropanol

15. Cadmium 2,3-dimercaptopropanol

16. Dicaptol

17. In Oil, Bal

18. Oil, Bal In

2.3.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

1. 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol

2. 59-52-9

3. 2,3-dimercaptopropanol

4. Dithioglycerine

5. Dicaptol

6. Sulfactin

7. 2,3-dithiopropanol

8. Dimercaptopropanol

9. 1,2-dithioglycerol

10. Dimersol

11. Antoxol

12. Panobal

13. British Anti-lewisite

14. British Antilewisite

15. Dimercaprolum

16. Dithioglycerol

17. 1-propanol, 2,3-dimercapto-

18. 1,2-dimercapto-3-propanol

19. Bal In Oil

20. 3-hydroxy-1,2-propanedithiol

21. 2,3-bis(sulfanyl)propan-1-ol

22. Dimercaprol Propanol

23. 2,3-dimercaptol-1-propanol

24. Bal

25. Usaf Me-1

26. 2,3-dimercaptopropan-1-ol

27. Alpha,beta-dithioglycerol

28. Dimerkaprol

29. 2,3-mercaptopropanol

30. Glycerol, 1,2-dithio-

31. 1-propanol, 2,3-dimercapto

32. 2,3-mercaptopropan-1-ol

33. Nsc 4646

34. 2,3-disulfanylpropan-1-ol

35. Nsc 39515

36. Chebi:64198

37. Nsc-4646

38. 2,3-dithiopropan-1-ol

39. Nsc-39515

40. Dimercaptol

41. 2,3,-dimercapto-1-propanol

42. 2,3-dimercapto-propan-1-ol

43. .alpha.,.beta.-dithioglycerol

44. 0cpp32s55x

45. Nsc4646

46. Glycerol,2-dithio-

47. 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol; Dithioglycerol

48. Wln: Sh1ysh1q

49. 1-propanol,3-dimercapto-

50. Sulfactin (van)

51. Dimerkaprol [czech]

52. Dimercaprolo [dcit]

53. Dithioglycerol (van)

54. Dimercaprolo

55. Dimercaptopropanol (van)

56. Dmp (van)

57. Dimercaprolum [inn-latin]

58. 2,3-dimercapro

59. Nsc16865

60. Ccris 3616

61. Hsdb 4004

62. Einecs 200-433-7

63. Brn 1732058

64. Dithiopropanol

65. Unii-0cpp32s55x

66. Ai3-61820

67. Anti-lewisite

68. Dimercaprol [usp:inn:ban:jan]

69. Mfcd00004864

70. Spectrum_001965

71. 2, 3-dimercaptopropanol

72. Dimercaprol [mi]

73. Spectrum2_001218

74. Spectrum4_001275

75. Spectrum5_001622

76. Dimercaprol [inn]

77. Dimercaprol [jan]

78. Dimercaprol [hsdb]

79. Dimercaprol [vandf]

80. Bal (tn)

81. Chembl1597

82. Dimercaprol [mart.]

83. Dsstox_cid_20461

84. Dsstox_rid_79496

85. Dsstox_gsid_40461

86. Schembl15969

87. Dimercaprol [who-dd]

88. Dimercaprol [who-ip]

89. Kbiogr_001890

90. Kbioss_002524

91. 2,3 -dimercapto-1-propanol

92. 4-01-00-02770 (beilstein Handbook Reference)

93. Divk1c_000997

94. Spbio_001036

95. 2,3-disulfanyl-1-propanol #

96. Dimercaprol (jp17/usp/inn)

97. Dtxsid5040461

98. Hms503g15

99. Kbio1_000997

100. Kbio2_002516

101. Kbio2_005084

102. Kbio2_007652

103. Dimercaprol [orange Book]

104. Ninds_000997

105. Dimercaprol [ep Monograph]

106. Pharmakon1600-01500252

107. Dimercaprol [usp Monograph]

108. Bcp18145

109. Hy-b1285

110. Nsc39515

111. Tox21_110014

112. Bdbm50103608

113. Ccg-39156

114. Dimercaprolum [who-ip Latin]

115. Nsc760094

116. S4446

117. Akos015895110

118. Db06782

119. Nsc-760094

120. Cas-59-52-9

121. Idi1_000997

122. Ncgc00013216-01

123. Ncgc00344527-01

124. Ls-12962

125. Nci60_001345

126. Sbi-0051351.p002

127. Db-053404

128. Cs-0013059

129. D0621

130. Ft-0625021

131. C02924

132. D00167

133. D89691

134. Ab00051971_02

135. 004d864

136. 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol, >=98% (iodometric)

137. Q413968

138. Sr-05000001839

139. Sr-05000001839-1

140. W-105317

2.4 Create Date
2005-03-25
3 Chemical and Physical Properties
Molecular Weight 124.23 g/mol
Molecular Formula C3H8OS2
XLogP30.2
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count3
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count3
Rotatable Bond Count2
Exact Mass124.00165722 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass124.00165722 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area22.2 Ų
Heavy Atom Count6
Formal Charge0
Complexity32
Isotope Atom Count0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count1
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count0
Covalently Bonded Unit Count1
4 Drug and Medication Information
4.1 Drug Information
1 of 2  
Drug NameBal
PubMed HealthBalsalazide (By mouth)
Drug ClassesGastrointestinal Agent
Drug LabelDimercaprol Injection USP is a colorless or almost colorless liquid chelating agent having a disagreeable, mercaptan-like odor. Each 1 mL sterile BAL in Oil (Dimercaprol Injection USP) contains: 100 mg Dimercaprol in 200 mg Benzyl Benzoate and 700 mg...
Active IngredientDimercaprol
Dosage FormInjectable
RouteInjection
Strength10%
Market StatusPrescription
CompanyAkorn

2 of 2  
Drug NameBal
PubMed HealthBalsalazide (By mouth)
Drug ClassesGastrointestinal Agent
Drug LabelDimercaprol Injection USP is a colorless or almost colorless liquid chelating agent having a disagreeable, mercaptan-like odor. Each 1 mL sterile BAL in Oil (Dimercaprol Injection USP) contains: 100 mg Dimercaprol in 200 mg Benzyl Benzoate and 700 mg...
Active IngredientDimercaprol
Dosage FormInjectable
RouteInjection
Strength10%
Market StatusPrescription
CompanyAkorn

4.2 Therapeutic Uses

Antidotes; Chelating Agents

National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings online file (MeSH, 1999)


Dimercaprol is the antidote of choice in the treatment of acute arsenic (except arsine), mercury, or gold poisoning resulting from ingestion of salts of these metals or following overdosage of therapeutic agents containing these metals. Dimercaprol administration should be accompanied by appropriate supportive measures and is most effective when administered early in the course of the poisoning. In the treatment of acute poisoning by mercury salts, dimercaprol is most effective if administered within 1-2 hours following ingestion, since extensive mercury-induced renal damage cannot be reversed. Dimercaprol is not effective in the treatment of poisonings resulting from monoalkyl mercury compounds, and the drug is only minimally effective in chronic mercury poisoning. Although dimercaprol is usually of no value in the treatment of hypersensitivity reactions to mercury compounds, mercury-induced acrodynia (pink disease) in infants and children responds to treatment with dimercaprol. Dimercaprol is usually effective in the treatment of chronic poisoning from inorganic or organic arsenicals, but may be of little value if aplastic anemia, hemorrhagic encephalitis, or jaundice has developed. In one patient who experienced protein-loss enteropathy in association with arsenic poisoning, hypoproteinemia and edema improved following dimercaprol therapy. The drug is ineffective in the treatment of poisoning resulting from arsine gas (AsH3). Gold-induced dermatitis and gold-induced thrombocytopenia may improve following dimercaprol therapy. /Use included in US product label/

American Society of Health System Pharmacists; AHFS Drug Information 2010. Bethesda, MD. (2010)


Dermatologic or ocular manifestations of arsenic poisoning have been effectively treated with topical dimercaprol ointment or oil solution, respectively. /Use NOT included in US product label/

American Society of Health System Pharmacists; AHFS Drug Information 2010. Bethesda, MD. (2010)


Although dimercaprol chelates lead, other agents (e.g., edetate calcium disodium (calcium EDTA), succimer) generally are preferred for the management of most cases of moderate lead poisoning. However, dimercaprol is useful as an adjunct to edetate calcium disodium and concomitant administration of the drugs is preferred, at least initially, in the management of patients with severe lead poisoning (blood lead concentrations exceeding 70 ug/dL) and/or in those with acute lead encephalopathy (which occurs most often in children). Concomitant administration of dimercaprol and edetate calcium disodium increases the rate of excretion of lead, lowers mortality, and may lower the incidence of brain damage as compared with the use of edetate calcium disodium alone; however, such concomitant therapy does not completely eliminate the risk of permanent severe residual brain damage. Since lead encephalopathy occurs only rarely in adults, experience with the use of the combination in these patients is limited; however, use of dimercaprol and edetate calcium disodium has resulted in prompt relief of symptoms in a few adults with lead encephalopathy. Although concomitant therapy with dimercaprol and edetate calcium disodium also has been recommended in symptomatic patients with blood lead concentrations less than 70 ug/dL, the American Academy of Pediatrics currently states that the toxicity of dimercaprol and the current availability of alternative drugs mandate its use only in the most serious cases of lead poisoning (i.e., blood lead concentrations exceeding 70 ug/dL or when symptoms suggestive of encephalopathy are present). Edetate calcium disodium generally is used alone (i.e., without dimercaprol) in asymptomatic patients with blood lead concentrations of 45-70 ug/dL. ... Dimercaprol is not useful in acute poisonings resulting from alkyl lead compounds (e.g., tetraethyl lead). /Use included in US product label/

American Society of Health System Pharmacists; AHFS Drug Information 2010. Bethesda, MD. (2010)


For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for Dimercaprol (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.


4.3 Drug Warning

Dimercaprol is potentially nephrotoxic. Since the chelate dissociates in acid medium, the urine should be kept alkaline during dimercaprol therapy to protect the kidneys. Dimercaprol should be used with caution and/or the dosage reduced in patients with oliguria. If acute renal failure develops during therapy, the drug should be discontinued or used very cautiously because serum concentrations of dimercaprol may reach toxic levels.

American Society of Health System Pharmacists; AHFS Drug Information 2010. Bethesda, MD. (2010)


Adverse effects of dimercaprol are usually mild and transitory and occur in about one-half of patients who receive an IM dose of 5 mg/kg. If the dose of dimercaprol exceeds 5 mg/kg, most patients will experience vomiting, seizures, and stupor or coma which may begin within 30 minutes after injection and usually subside in 1-6 hours. Prophylactic or therapeutic administration of ephedrine or an antihistamine may prevent or relieve many of the mild adverse effects of dimercaprol. The most frequent adverse effect, a rise in systolic and diastolic blood pressure which is dose related and may be accompanied by tachycardia, may appear 15-30 minutes following the injection and blood pressure usually returns to normal within 2 hours. Frequently pain and occasionally sterile abscesses occur at the injection site, particularly if the drug is not administered deep IM.

American Society of Health System Pharmacists; AHFS Drug Information 2010. Bethesda, MD. (2010)


Other adverse effects that may occur include nausea, vomiting, headache, sweating, and a feeling of constriction (or pain) in the throat, chest, or hands which may be accompanied by anxiety, nervousness or restlessness, and weakness. Muscular aches and pains, muscle spasms, tingling of extremities, and abdominal pain have also been reported.

American Society of Health System Pharmacists; AHFS Drug Information 2010. Bethesda, MD. (2010)


Dimercaprol has a strong odor and imparts an unpleasant mercaptan-like odor to the patient's breath. The drug may also produce a burning sensation of the lips, mouth, throat, eyes, and penis, and pain in the teeth. Blepharal spasm, conjunctivitis, lacrimation, rhinorrhea, and salivation may also occur. When the drug is applied topically, it produces erythema and edema.

American Society of Health System Pharmacists; AHFS Drug Information 2010. Bethesda, MD. (2010)


For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for Dimercaprol (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.


4.4 Drug Indication

For the treatment of arsenic, gold and mercury poisoning. Indicated in acute lead poisoning when used concomitantly with edetate calcium disodium (DB00974).


FDA Label


5 Pharmacology and Biochemistry
5.1 Pharmacology

Due to its oily nature, dimercaprol is not absorbed orally and its administration requires a deep intra-muscular injection that is extremely painful and allergenic. It was found to mobilize and relocate lead to the brain, increasing its neurotoxic effects. Despite that fact that dimercaprol increases cadmium excretion, there is an associated increase in kidney cadmium concentration. Because of this, dimercaprol must be avoided in patients with cadmium toxicity.


5.2 MeSH Pharmacological Classification

Chelating Agents

Chemicals that bind to and remove ions from solutions. Many chelating agents function through the formation of COORDINATION COMPLEXES with METALS. (See all compounds classified as Chelating Agents.)


5.3 FDA Pharmacological Classification
5.3.1 Active Moiety
DIMERCAPROL
5.3.2 FDA UNII
0CPP32S55X
5.3.3 Pharmacological Classes
Metal Chelator [EPC]; Metal Chelating Activity [MoA]
5.4 ATC Code

V - Various

V03 - All other therapeutic products

V03A - All other therapeutic products

V03AB - Antidotes

V03AB09 - Dimercaprol


5.5 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

Absorption

After intra-muscular injection.


Route of Elimination

Urine.


Because it is a lipophilic drug, dimercaprol penetrates rapidly the intracellular spaces. The highest concentrations are found in the liver, kidneys, brain and small intestine. Due to its lipophilic characteristic, the complexes formed with mercury and other metals may be redistributed into sensitive cells in the brain following dimercaprol treatment.

International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS); Poisons Information Monograph: Dimercaprol (PIM 193) (1990) Available from, as of June 16, 2010: https://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/pharm/dimercap.htm


It is readily absorbed through the skin after topical application. Percutaneous absorption in rats and humans equals 3 millimol (124 mg)/sq cm per hour.

International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS); Poisons Information Monograph: Dimercaprol (PIM 193) (1990) Available from, as of June 16, 2010: https://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/pharm/dimercap.htm


Following absorption, dimercaprol is distributed to all tissues (mainly in the intracellular space) including the brain, with highest concentrations in the liver and kidneys.

American Society of Health System Pharmacists; AHFS Drug Information 2010. Bethesda, MD. (2010)


Following IM injection of therapeutic doses of dimercaprol, peak blood concentrations are attained in 30-60 minutes. Dimercaprol is slowly absorbed through the skin following topical application.

American Society of Health System Pharmacists; AHFS Drug Information 2010. Bethesda, MD. (2010)


Dimercaprol is not absorbed orally. It is rapidly absorbed after intramuscular injection and persists for at least 12 hours. Approximately 80% of the dose is absorbed after 1 hours and 90% after 6 hours. Maximal blood concentrations are attained within 1 hour. Hepatic metabolism (by glucuronidation) and excretion are essentially complete within 4 hours. Dimercaprol is the only commonly used chelating agent that readily crosses cellular membranes; as a result, the concentration in certain organs (liver, kidney, small intestine) can be up to five times that in the blood.

Dart, R.C. (ed). Medical Toxicology. Third Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia, PA. 2004., p. 186


5.6 Metabolism/Metabolites

... Metabolic degradation and excretion are essentially complete within 4 hours.

Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B., A.G. Gilman. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 11th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2006., p. 1770


Dimercaprol not excreted as dimercaprol-metal complex is quickly metabolized by the liver and excreted as an inactive product in the urine.

Sullivan, J.B. Jr., G.R. Krieger (eds.). Hazardous Materials Toxicology-Clinical Principles of Environmental Health. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1992., p. 409


5.7 Biological Half-Life

The drug has a short half life.


5.8 Mechanism of Action

The sulfhydryl groups of dimercaprol form complexes with certain heavy metals thus preventing or reversing the metallic binding of sulfhydryl-containing enzymes. The complex is excreted in the urine.


Dimercaprol is much more effective when given as soon as possible after exposure to the metal because it is more effective in preventing inhibition of sulfhydryl enzymes than in reactivating them. Dimercaprol antagonizes the biological actions of metals that form mercaptides with essential cellular sulfhydryl groups, principally arsenic, gold, and mercury. It also is used in combination with CaNa2EDTA to treat lead poisoning, especially when evidence of lead encephalopathy exists. Intoxication by selenites, which also oxidize sulfhydryl enzymes, is not influenced by dimercaprol

Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B., A.G. Gilman. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 11th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2006., p. 1770


The pharmacological actions of dimercaprol result from formation of chelation complexes between its sulfhydryl groups and metals. The molecular properties of the dimercaprol-metal chelate have considerable practical significance. With metals such as mercury, gold, and arsenic, the strategy is to attain a stable complex to promote elimination of the met al. Dissociation of the complex and oxidation of dimercaprol can occur in vivo. Furthermore, the sulfur-metal bond may be labile in the acidic tubular urine, which may increase delivery of metal to renal tissue and increase toxicity. The dosage regimen therefore is designed to maintain a concentration of dimercaprol in plasma adequate to favor the continuous formation of the more stable 2:1 (BAL-metal) complex and its rapid excretion. However, because of pronounced and dose-related side effects, excessive plasma concentrations must be avoided. The concentration in plasma therefore must be maintained by repeated fractional dosage until the offending metal can be excreted.

Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B., A.G. Gilman. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 11th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2006., p. 1770


Ca2+ is involved in the regulation of a variety of physiological processes, but a persistent increase in free cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations may contribute to cell injury. Dimercaprol (BAL) is a compound used in the treatment of mercury intoxication, but presents low therapeutic efficacy. The molecular mechanism responsible for the BAL toxicity is poorly known. In the present study, the effect of BAL and inorganic and organic mercury on Ca2+ transport by Ca2+-ATPases located in the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum of fast-skeletal muscle and brain was examined. Ca2+ uptake by brain and fast-skeletal muscle microsomes was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by Hg2+. The calculated IC50 for Ca2+ uptake inhibition by HgCl2 was 1.05+/-0.09 microM (n = 8) for brain and 0.72+/-0.06 microM (n = 9) for muscle. The difference was significant at p < 0.01 (data expressed as mean +/- SD). At a low concentration (1 microM), 2,3-dimer-captopropanol had no effect on Ca2+ uptake by brain or muscle vesicles and did not abolish the inhibition caused by Hg2+. A high concentration of BAL (1 mM) nearly abolished the inhibition caused by 1.75 microM HgCl2 or 6 microM CH3HgCl in skeletal muscle. Surprisingly, at intermediate concentrations (40-100 microM) BAL partially inhibited Ca2+ transport in brain but had no effect on muscle. Furthermore, ATP hydrolysis by brain or muscle microsomes was not inhibited by BAL. These results suggest that in brain microsomes BAL affects in a different way Ca2+ transport and ATP hydrolysis. The increase in BAL concentration observed after toxic administration of this compound to experimental animals may contribute to deregulate Ca2+ homoeostasis and, consequently, to the neurotoxicity of BAL.

PMID:11495549 Quinhones EB et al; Neurochem Res 26 (3): 251-6 (2001)