1. Sulfurous Anhydride
1. Sulphur Dioxide
2. Sulfurous Anhydride
3. 7446-09-5
4. Sulfurous Oxide
5. Sulfon
6. Sulfur Superoxide
7. Sulfur Oxide (so2)
8. Fermenicide Liquid
9. Fermenicide Powder
10. Sulfurous Acid Anhydride
11. Schwefeldioxid
12. Oxosulfane Oxide
13. Siarki Dwutlenek
14. Sulfur Dioxide (so2)
15. Dioxidosulfur
16. Schwefeldioxyd
17. Surfur Dioxide (anhydrous)
18. Fema No. 3039
19. Sulfur Dioxide (nf)
20. Sulfur-dioxide
21. So2
22. Un 1079
23. Chebi:18422
24. 0uza3422q4
25. Sulfur Dioxide (so2) 10% By Volume Or More So2
26. 67015-63-8
27. Sulfur Dioxide [nf]
28. E220
29. Sulfur Dioxide, >=99.9%
30. Sulfurdioxide
31. Caswell No. 813
32. Schwefeldioxyd [german]
33. Siarki Dwutlenek [polish]
34. Sulfonyl
35. Sulfuryl
36. Sulphonyl
37. Sulfer Dioxide
38. Ccris 9001
39. Hsdb 228
40. Dioxide, Sulfur
41. Fermenticide Liquid
42. Oxosulfane Oxide #
43. Schwefel(iv)-oxid
44. Einecs 231-195-2
45. Anhydride, Sulfurous
46. Un1079
47. Sulfuroxide
48. Epa Pesticide Chemical Code 077601
49. Sulfur Dioxide [un1079] [poison Gas]
50. Sulfur Dioxide [ii]
51. Sulfur Dioxide [mi]
52. Sulfur Dioxide [fcc]
53. Sulfur Dioxide [fhfi]
54. Sulfur Dioxide [hsdb]
55. Sulfur Dioxide [iarc]
56. Unii-0uza3422q4
57. Ins No.220
58. Sulfur Dioxide [mart.]
59. Sulfur Dioxide, >=99.98%
60. Chembl1235997
61. Dtxsid6029672
62. Fema 3039
63. Rahzwnyvwxnfoc-uhfffaoysa-
64. Ins-220
65. [so2]
66. Sulfur Dioxide (e 220)
67. Sulfurous Anhydride (e220)
68. Akos015904447
69. Sulfur Dioxide, Puriss., >=99.9%
70. Sulfur Dioxide [un1079] [poison Gas]
71. E-220
72. Q5282
73. R-764
74. U0147
75. U0148
76. C09306
77. D05961
78. Ec 231-195-2
79. Sulfur Dioxide (ca. 2.5% In Dichloromethane, Ca. 0.5 Mol/l)
80. Sulfur Dioxide (ca. 8% In Tetrahydrofuran, Ca. 1.2 Mol/l)
| Molecular Weight | 64.07 g/mol |
|---|---|
| Molecular Formula | O2S |
| XLogP3 | 0.1 |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 0 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 3 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 0 |
| Exact Mass | 63.96190041 g/mol |
| Monoisotopic Mass | 63.96190041 g/mol |
| Topological Polar Surface Area | 35.1 Ų |
| Heavy Atom Count | 3 |
| Formal Charge | 0 |
| Complexity | 18.3 |
| Isotope Atom Count | 0 |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Defined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Covalently Bonded Unit Count | 1 |
Air Pollutants
Any substance in the air which could, if present in high enough concentration, harm humans, animals, vegetation or materials. Substances include GASES; PARTICULATE MATTER; and volatile ORGANIC CHEMICALS. (See all compounds classified as Air Pollutants.)
Although the major route of absorption of the relevant sulfur compounds and particulate matter into the body is through the intestinal tract, the respiratory tract is the most vulnerable area for airborne materials. Most studies on both man and animals have indicated that 40 to 90% or more of inhaled sulfur dioxide is absorbed in the upper respiratory tract. Taken into the blood stream, it appears to be widely distributed throughout the body, metabolized, and excreted via the urinary tract. The deposition pattern of particulate matter varies with particle size, shape, and density, and also with airflow conditions. Deposited particles are largely phagocytized and transported to the mucociliary escalator, into the interstitium, or to the lymphatic system. The biological half-times range from days to years depending on their chemical composition. Soluble particles may dissolve in the mucous or aqueous lining of the lungs. In the first case, they will be eliminated via the mucociliary route. In the second, they may diffuse into the lymph or blood.
WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 8: Sulfur Oxides and Suspended Particulate Matter (1979); Available from, as of November 21, 2017: https://www.inchem.org/pages/ehc.html
Sulfur dioxide is highly soluble in aqueous media. Absorption after inhalation has been studied in rabbits and man. In rabbits, about 40% of the inhaled sulfur dioxide is absorbed in the nose and pharynx when concentrations of about 290 ug/cu m (0.1 ppm) are inhaled. At higher concentrations (29-290 mg/cu m, 10-100 ppm), the fraction absorbed is much higher (about 95%). The reasons for these different rates of absorption are not clear. In dogs, more than 99% of the inhaled sulfur dioxide is absorbed by the nose at exposure levels of 2.9-140 mg/cu m (1-50 ppm).
WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Sulfur Oxides and Suspended Particulate Matter p.50 (1979);
Sulfur dioxide is highly soluble in water and, therore, is absorbed efficiently in the upper respiratory tract. Two factors affecting the efficiency of absorption are the mode of breathing (oral versus oronasal) and ventilation rate. The nose filters out most inhaled sulfur dioxide, preventing its passage to sensitive irritant receptors at and below the larynx. At rest, most people (about 85%) breathe through the nose, providing protection against the pulmonary toxicity of sulfur dioxide. Mouth breathing, particularly at higher airflow rates, substantially increases the fraction of sulfur dioxide reaching the lung. Thus, voluntary hyperventilation or exercise at a level of exertion requiring oronasal breathing lowers the threshold for sulfur dioxide-induced respiratory symptoms and bronchomotor responsiveness. Deep lung penetration and toxicity are enhanced by oxidation and adsorption to submicrometer acidic particles.
Sullivan, J.B., Krieger G.R. (eds). Clinical Environmental Health and Toxic Exposures. Second edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1999., p. 826
Radiolabeled sulfur dioxide is absorbed from the respiratory tract of experimental animals in the blood and is distributed throughout the body, concentrating in the liver, spleen, esophagus, and kidneys. It is metabolized to a variety of sulfur-containing compounds and is excreted principally via the urine as sulfate. Significant quantities of sulfur dioxide may be retained for a week or more in the lungs and trachea of experimental animals.
Sullivan, J.B., Krieger G.R. (eds). Clinical Environmental Health and Toxic Exposures. Second edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1999., p. 826
While sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) has been previously known for its toxicological effects, it is now known to be produced endogenously in mammals from sulfur-containing amino acid L-cysteine. L-cysteine is catalyzed by cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) to L-cysteine sulfinate, which converts to beta-sulfinylpyruvate through transamination by aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), and finally spontaneously decomposes to pyruvate and SO(2). The present study explored endogenous SO(2) production, and AAT and CDO distribution in different rat tissue. SO(2) content was highest in stomach, followed by tissues in the right ventricle, left ventricle, cerebral gray matter, pancreas, lung, cerebral white matter, renal medulla, spleen, renal cortex and liver. AAT activity and AAT1 mRNA expression were highest in the left ventricle, while AAT1 protein expression was highest in the right ventricle. AAT2 and CDO mRNA expressions were both highest in liver tissue. AAT2 protein expression was highest in the renal medulla, but CDO protein expression was highest in liver tissue. In all tissues, AAT1 and AAT2 were mainly distributed in the cytoplasm rather than the nucleus. These observed differences among tissues endogenously generating SO(2) and associated enzymes are important in implicating the discovery of SO(2) as a novel endogenous signaling molecule.
PMID:22020076 Luo L et al; Biochem Biophys Res Commun 415 (1): 61-7 (2011)
... Sulfur dioxide (SO2) can be produced endogenously from normal metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids. L-cysteine is oxidized via cysteine dioxygenase to L-cysteinesulfinate, and the latter can proceed through transamination by glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) to beta-sulfinylpyruvate which decomposes spontaneously to pyruvate and SO2 ... Endogenous production of SO2 /was detected in spontaneous hypertensive rats/ in all cardiovascular tissues, including in heart, aorta, pulmonary artery, mesenteric artery, renal artery, tail artery and the plasma SO2 content. As the key enzyme producing SO2, GOT mRNA in cardiovascular system was detected and found to be located enrichedly in endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells near the endothelial layer ...
Jin HF et al; Beijing da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban 39 (4): 423-5 (2007)
Once absorbed, sulfur dioxide appears to be metabolized rapidly to sulfate by the widely distributed enzyme sulfite oxidase. After it has been oxidized to sulfate, it becomes part of the large sulfate pool within the body. /It was reported/ relatively large differences in sulfite oxidase activity among five species: rats had the highest levels and rabbits the lowest. An inverse correlation was shown between enzyme activity and sensitivity to bisulfite toxicity. These results reflect species differences in rate of S-sulfonate formation.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V54 166 (1992)
No reports found; [TDR, p. 1098]
TDR - Ryan RP, Terry CE, Leffingwell SS (eds). Toxicology Desk Reference: The Toxic Exposure and Medical Monitoring Index, 5th Ed. Washington DC: Taylor & Francis, 1999., p. 1098
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