1. Perchlorethylene
2. Perchloroethylene
3. Tetrachlorethylene
4. Tetrachloroethene
1. Tetrachloroethene
2. 127-18-4
3. Perchloroethylene
4. Ethene, Tetrachloro-
5. Perc
6. Perchlorethylene
7. Tetrachlorethylene
8. 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethylene
9. Ethylene Tetrachloride
10. Carbon Dichloride
11. Ankilostin
12. Didakene
13. Perclene
14. Tetracap
15. Tetraguer
16. Tetraleno
17. Tetralex
18. Tetropil
19. Perawin
20. Tetlen
21. Tetrachloraethen
22. Persec
23. Carbon Bichloride
24. Perk
25. Percloroetilene
26. Tetracloroetene
27. Fedal-un
28. 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethene
29. Tetrachlooretheen
30. Czterochloroetylen
31. Percosolve
32. Perchlor
33. Perklone
34. Tetravec
35. Tetroguer
36. Nema
37. Perchloraethylen, Per
38. Perchlorethylene, Per
39. Perclene D
40. Dow-per
41. Dilatin Pt
42. Perchloorethyleen, Per
43. Antisol 1
44. Ethylene, Tetrachloro-
45. Perchloroethene
46. Antisal 1
47. Rcra Waste Number U210
48. Nema, Veterinary
49. Nci-c04580
50. Ent 1,860
51. Perclene Tg
52. Un 1897
53. Tj904hh8sn
54. Chebi:17300
55. Nsc-9777
56. Percosolv
57. Caswell No. 827
58. C2cl4
59. Mfcd00000834
60. Percloroetilene [italian]
61. Tetrachlooretheen [dutch]
62. Tetrachloraethen [german]
63. Tetracloroetene [italian]
64. Czterochloroetylen [polish]
65. Tetrachloroethylene (iupac)
66. Ccris 579
67. Hsdb 124
68. Perchloorethyleen, Per [dutch]
69. Perchloraethylen, Per [german]
70. Perchlorethylene, Per [french]
71. Tetrachloroethene 100 Microg/ml In Methanol
72. Tetrachloroethene 1000 Microg/ml In Methanol
73. Nsc 9777
74. Einecs 204-825-9
75. Un1897
76. Tetrachloroethylene [usp]
77. Rcra Waste No. U210
78. Unii-tj904hh8sn
79. Epa Pesticide Chemical Code 078501
80. Brn 1361721
81. Tetrachlorathen
82. Perchlorothylene
83. Ai3-01860
84. Tetrachloro-ethene
85. Ethene, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-
86. Tetrachloro-ethylene
87. Nema (van)
88. Wln: Gyguygg
89. Freon 1110
90. Tetrachlooretheen(dutch)
91. Tetrachloraethen(german)
92. Percloroetilene(italian)
93. Tetracloroetene(italian)
94. Dsstox_cid_1319
95. Bmse000633
96. Czterochloroetylen(polish)
97. Ec 204-825-9
98. 1,2,2-tetrachloroethylene
99. Dsstox_rid_76079
100. Dsstox_gsid_21319
101. Schembl23022
102. 4-01-00-00715 (beilstein Handbook Reference)
103. Bidd:er0346
104. 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-ethene
105. Perchloorethyleen, Per(dutch)
106. Perchloraethylen, Per(german)
107. Perchlorethylene, Per(french)
108. Perchloroethylene Reagent Grade
109. Chembl114062
110. Tetrachloroethylene [ii]
111. Tetrachloroethylene [mi]
112. 1,1,2, 2-tetrachloroethylene
113. Dtxsid2021319
114. Tetrachloroethylene, >=99.5%
115. Nsc9777
116. Tetrachloroethylene [hsdb]
117. Tetrachloroethylene, Uv/ir-grade
118. Tetrachlorethylene [who-dd]
119. Tetrachloroethylene [mart.]
120. Zinc8214691
121. Tox21_201196
122. Akos009031593
123. Tetrachloroethylene, Analytical Standard
124. Tetrachloroethylene, Anhydrous, >=99%
125. Ncgc00090944-01
126. Ncgc00090944-02
127. Ncgc00090944-03
128. Ncgc00258748-01
129. Cas-127-18-4
130. Tetrachloroethylene [un1897] [poison]
131. Tetrachloroethylene, For Hplc, >=99.9%
132. Tetrachloroethylene, Reagentplus(r), 99%
133. Db-041854
134. Tetrachloroethylene, For Synthesis, 99.0%
135. Ft-0631739
136. Ft-0674946
137. S0641
138. Tetrachloroethylene, Acs Reagent, >=99.0%
139. En300-19890
140. Tetrachloroethene 5000 Microg/ml In Methanol
141. C06789
142. F 1110
143. 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethylene (acd/name 4.0)
144. Tetrachloroethylene, Saj First Grade, >=98.0%
145. A805656
146. Q410772
147. Tetrachloroethylene, Saj Special Grade, >=99.0%
148. J-524851
149. Tetrachloroethylene, Uv Hplc Spectroscopic, 99.9%
150. Brd-k68386748-001-01-2
151. Tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene) [iarc]
152. F0001-0391
153. Tetrachloroethylene, Ultrapure, Spectrophotometric Grade
154. Density Standard 1623 Kg/m3, H&d Fitzgerald Ltd. Quality
155. 25135-99-3
| Molecular Weight | 165.8 g/mol |
|---|---|
| Molecular Formula | C2Cl4 |
| XLogP3 | 3.4 |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 0 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 0 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 0 |
| Exact Mass | 165.872461 g/mol |
| Monoisotopic Mass | 163.875411 g/mol |
| Topological Polar Surface Area | 0 Ų |
| Heavy Atom Count | 6 |
| Formal Charge | 0 |
| Complexity | 55.6 |
| Isotope Atom Count | 0 |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Defined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Covalently Bonded Unit Count | 1 |
Anthelmintic (Nematodes, Trematodes)
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 1704
VET: Anthelmintic.
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 1704
Carcinogens
Substances that increase the risk of NEOPLASMS in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. (See all compounds classified as Carcinogens.)
Environmental Pollutants
Substances or energies, for example heat or light, which when introduced into the air, water, or land threaten life or health of individuals or ECOSYSTEMS. (See all compounds classified as Environmental Pollutants.)
Solvents
Liquids that dissolve other substances (solutes), generally solids, without any change in chemical composition, as, water containing sugar. (Grant and Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) (See all compounds classified as Solvents.)
The mutagenicity of tetrachloroethene (tetra) and its S conjugate, S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)glutathione (TCVG) was investigated using a modified Ames preincubation assay. TCVG was a potent mutagen in presence of rat kidney particulate fractions containing high concentrations of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and dipeptidases. Purified tetra was not mutagenic without exogenous metabolic activation or under conditions favoring oxidative metabolism. Preincubation of tetra with purified rat liver glutathione (GSH) S-transferases in presence of GSH and rat kidney fractions resulted in a time-dependent formation of TCVG as determined by (HPLC) analysis and in an unequivocal mutagenic response in the Ames test. Experiments with tetra in the isolated perfused rat liver demonstrated TCVG formation and its excretion with the bile; bile collected after the addition of tetra to the isolated perfused liver was unequivocally mutagenic in bacteria in the presence of kidney particulate fractions. The mutagenicity was reduced in all cases by the GGT inhibitor serine borate or the beta-lyase inhibitor aminooxyacetic acid. These results support the suggestion that cleavage of the GSH S conjugate formed from tetra by the enzymes of the mercapturic acid pathway and by beta-lyase may be involved in the nephrocarcinogenic effects of this haloalkene in rats.
PMID:2671372 Vamvakas S et al; J Biochem Toxicol 4 (1): 21-7 (1989)
This article reports on the development of a "harmonized" PBPK model for the toxicokinetics of perchloroethylene (tetrachloroethylene or perc) in mice, rats, and humans that includes both oxidation and glutathione (GSH) conjugation of perc, the internal kinetics of the oxidative metabolite trichloroacetic acid (TCA), and the urinary excretion kinetics of the GSH conjugation metabolites N-Acetylated trichlorovinyl cysteine and dichloroacetic acid. The model utilizes a wider range of in vitro and in vivo data than any previous analysis alone, with in vitro data used for initial, or "baseline," parameter estimates, and in vivo datasets separated into those used for "calibration" and those used for "evaluation." Parameter calibration utilizes a limited Bayesian analysis involving flat priors and making inferences only using posterior modes obtained via Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). As expected, the major route of elimination of absorbed perc is predicted to be exhalation as parent compound, with metabolism accounting for less than 20% of intake except in the case of mice exposed orally, in which metabolism is predicted to be slightly over 50% at lower exposures. In all three species, the concentration of perc in blood, the extent of perc oxidation, and the amount of TCA production is well-estimated, with residual uncertainties of approximately 2-fold. However, the resulting range of estimates for the amount of GSH conjugation is quite wide in humans (approximately 3000-fold) and mice (approximately 60-fold). While even high-end estimates of GSH conjugation in mice are lower than estimates of oxidation, in humans the estimated rates range from much lower to much higher than rates for perc oxidation. It is unclear to what extent this range reflects uncertainty, variability, or a combination. Importantly, by separating total perc metabolism into separate oxidative and conjugative pathways, an approach also recommended in a recent National Research Council review, this analysis reconciles the disparity between those previously published PBPK models that concluded low perc metabolism in humans and those that predicted high perc metabolism in humans. In essence, both conclusions are consistent with the data if augmented with some additional qualifications: in humans, oxidative metabolism is low, while GSH conjugation metabolism may be high or low, with uncertainty and/or interindividual variability spanning three orders of magnitude. More direct data on the internal kinetics of perc GSH conjugation, such as trichlorovinyl glutathione or tricholorvinyl cysteine in blood and/or tissues, would be needed to better characterize the uncertainty and variability in GSH conjugation in humans.
PMID:21466818 Chiu WA, Ginsberg GL; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 253 (3): 203-34
Tetrachloroethylene is a volatile, lipophilic small molecule that is rapidly and extensively absorbed after inhalation and oral exposure. It can also be rapidly absorbed through the skin, but dermal absorption appears to be a less important route of exposure. In humans, inhalation exposure to tetrachloroethylene typically results, within a few hours of exposure, in a pseudoequilibrium between inspired air and blood although there can be substantial interindividual differences in absorption behavior. After oral dosing in animals, peak blood tetrachloroethylene concentrations are typically reached within 15-30 min, and systemic bioavailability is typically greater than 80%; once absorbed, tetrachloroethylene is rapidly distributed throughout the body, and well-perfused tissues reach a pseudoequilibrium with blood within a few minutes.
Committee to Review EPA's Toxicological Assessment of Tetrachloroethylene, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Division on Earth and Life Studies; Review of the Environmental Protection Agency's Draft IRIS Assessment of Tetrachloroethylene. 186 pp. (2010). The National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001. Available from, as of March 22, 2018: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/12863.html
Because of its lipophilicity, the highest concentrations of tetrachloroethylene are found in adipose tissue. In humans, the fat-to-blood concentration ratio has been estimated to be as high as 90:1. Relatively high concentrations are also observed in the liver and brain. On the basis of animal studies and sparse human data, the brain concentration of tetrachloroethylene is 4-8 times the blood concentration.
Committee to Review EPA's Toxicological Assessment of Tetrachloroethylene, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Division on Earth and Life Studies; Review of the Environmental Protection Agency's Draft IRIS Assessment of Tetrachloroethylene. 186 pp. (2010). The National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001. Available from, as of March 22, 2018: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/12863.html
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for Tetrachloroethylene (32 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Despite the low overall metabolism of tetrachloroethylene compared with other chlorinated solvents, its metabolism has been studied extensively in both human volunteers and laboratory animals, using both in vivo and in vitro techniques. The studies showed that many metabolites are produced, including some known to be cytotoxic, mutagenic or both. Tetrachloroethylene metabolism can be viewed as having three pathways. The first is cytochrome P-450-mediated (CYP-mediated) oxidation. The second and third share a starting point: direct conjugation with glutathione to S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)glutathione (TCVG) and then further processing to S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (TCVC). For the second pathway, beta-lyase catalyzes the formation of reactive products from TCVC. The third pathway is independent of beta-lyase: TCVC is processed further by acetylation and sulfoxidation reactions. Genotoxic and cytotoxic metabolites are formed by each of these pathways. The predominant metabolic pathway is the CYP path, followed by the beta-lyase pathway and then the beta-lyase independent pathway. The TCVC derivatives are toxicologically important but quantitatively minor metabolites.
Committee to Review EPA's Toxicological Assessment of Tetrachloroethylene, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Division on Earth and Life Studies; Review of the Environmental Protection Agency's Draft IRIS Assessment of Tetrachloroethylene. 186 pp. (2010). The National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001. Available from, as of March 22, 2018: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/12863.html
Trichloroethylene (TRI) and tetrachloroethylene (TETRA) are solvents that have been widely used in a variety of industries, and both are widespread environmental contaminants. ... Seven human volunteers were exposed by inhalation to 1 ppm of TRI or TETRA for 6 hr, with biological samples collected for analysis during exposure and up to 6 days postexposure. Concentrations of TRI, TETRA, free trichloroethanol (TCOH), total TCOH (free TCOH plus glucuronidated TCOH), and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) were determined in blood and urine; TRI and TETRA concentrations were measured in alveolar breath. Toxicokinetic time courses and empirical analyses of classical toxicokinetic parameters were compared with those reported in previous human volunteer studies, most of which involved exposures that were at least 10 fold higher. Qualitatively, TRI and TETRA toxicokinetics were consistent with previous human studies. Quantitatively, alveolar retention and clearance by exhalation were similar to those found previously but blood and urine data suggest a number of possible toxicokinetic differences. For TRI, data from the current study support lower apparent blood-air partition coefficients, greater apparent metabolic clearance, less TCA production, and greater glucuronidation of TCOH as compared to previous studies. For TETRA, the current data suggest TCA formation that is similar or slightly lower than that of previous studies. Variability and uncertainty in empirical estimates of total TETRA metabolism are substantial, with confidence intervals among different studies substantially overlapping. ...
PMID:17032701 Chiu WA et al; Toxicol Sci 95 (1): 23-36 (2007)
The two major products of tetrachloroethylene metabolism by the CYP pathway are trichloroacetyl chloride and oxalyl chloride.
Committee to Review EPA's Toxicological Assessment of Tetrachloroethylene, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Division on Earth and Life Studies; Review of the Environmental Protection Agency's Draft IRIS Assessment of Tetrachloroethylene. 186 pp. (2010). The National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001. Available from, as of March 22, 2018: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/12863.html
The beta-lyase pathway: Tetrachloroethylene is conjugated with glutathione to S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl) glutathione and is later processed by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and aminopeptidase to S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (TCVC).
Committee to Review EPA's Toxicological Assessment of Tetrachloroethylene, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Division on Earth and Life Studies; Review of the Environmental Protection Agency's Draft IRIS Assessment of Tetrachloroethylene. 186 pp. (2010). The National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001. Available from, as of March 22, 2018: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/12863.html
For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for Tetrachloroethylene (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Blood: 96 hours; trichloroacetic acid in urine: 80 hours (may be longer depending upon fat deposition); [TDR, p. 1010]
TDR - Ryan RP, Terry CE, Leffingwell SS (eds). Toxicology Desk Reference: The Toxic Exposure and Medical Monitoring Index, 5th Ed. Washington DC: Taylor & Francis, 1999., p. 1010
After ingestion of 12-16 g tetrachloroethylene, a 6 year old boy was admitted to the clinic in coma. ... The tetrachloroethylene blood level profile which was determined under hyperventilation therapy could be computer fitted to a two compartment model. Elimination of tetrachloroethylene from the blood compartment occurred via a rapid and a slow process with half-lives of 30 min and 35 hours, respectively. These values compared favorably with the half-lives of 160 min and 33 hours under normal respiratory conditions. ...
PMID:4057308 Koppel C et al; J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 23 (2-3): 103-15 (1985)
The elimination of tetrachloroethylene in expired air ranged from 50 to 150 ppm (339 to 1,017 mg/cu m) for up to 8 hr. Biological half-life for fat stores was 71.5 hr.
Gruberan E, Fernandez J; Brit J Ind Med 31: 159 (1974)
The biological half-life of tetrachloroethylene metabolites (as measured as total trichloro-compounds) is 144 hours.
Ikeda M and Imamura T; Int Arch Arbeitsmed 31: 209 (1973)
The excretion via blood and lungs occurred at 3 different rate constants with half-lives of 12-16 hr, 30-40 hr, and about 55 hr, respectively, 20, 50, and 100 hr after exposure. Trichloroacetic acid was excreted from blood with a half-life of 75-80 hr ... The half-life of this metabolite in urine /is/ about 6 days.
WHO; Environmental Health Criteria Document No. 31: Tetrachloroethylene (127-18-4) (1984). Available from, as of March 21, 2018: https://www.inchem.org/pages/ehc.html
Half-lives for respiratory elimination range from 1 to 72 hr.
International Programme on Chemical Safety's Concise International Chemical Assessment Documents. Number 68: Tetrachloroethene (127-18-4). Available from, as of March 21, 2018: https://www.inchem.org/pages/cicads.html
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