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Pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical development and manufacturing is becoming more complex and expensive. The need for more elaborate material characterization and tighter quality control requirements combined with tighter time constraints places considerable demands on analysis. Rapid non-destructive analytical techniques such as near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) have a wide range of (bio-)pharmaceutical applications including d